Disparities in Distribution of Particulate Matter Emission Sources by Race and Poverty Status

Mikati, Ihab; Benson, Adam F; Luben, Thomas J.; Sacks, Jason D.; Richmond-Bryant, Jennifer

doi:10.2105/ajph.2017.304297

Cited by 297 publications

(206 citation statements)

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“…Similarly Mikati et al. () used average exposures to particulate matter in 2011, assessing disproportionate exposure by race and poverty status. Abel, Salazar, and Robert () calculated emission ratios for below‐ and above‐poverty households and for whites and people of color in 1990.…”

Section: State‐level Assessment Of Environmental Inequality: Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By using mean exposures, Clark, Millet, and Marshall () and Mikati et al. () failed to adequately capture differences between those in each race/income group who endure the worst pollution. Both the Abel, Salazar, and Robert () and Bullock, Ard, and Saalman (2018) teams aggregated census tract data to the county level before calculating state measures.…”

Section: State‐level Assessment Of Environmental Inequality: Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By taking the difference between population-weighted mean exposures of the two groups, they created an environmental injustice score for each state in 2006. Similarly Mikati et al (2018) used average exposures to particulate matter in 2011, assessing disproportionate exposure by race and poverty status. Abel, Salazar, and Robert (2015) calculated emission ratios for below-and above-poverty households and for whites and people of color in 1990.…”

Section: State-level Assessment Of Environmental Inequality: Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Race, Income, and Environmental Inequality in the U.S. States, 1990–2014

Salazar

Clauson

Abel

et al. 2019

Social Science Quarterly

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Objective To examine state‐level environmental inequality trends over time by constructing a new, longitudinal data set and comparing change in environmental and economic inequality. Methods We use Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) RSEI (Risk‐Screening Environmental Indicator) database to create measures of exposure to industrial air toxins and inequality in exposure by race and poverty status. Measures were calculated for each of three periods: 1990–1994, 2000–2004, and 2010–2014. Results Exposure declined but inequality persisted. The geographic patterns displayed by race‐ and poverty‐related environmental inequality differ. But, states with higher levels of race‐based inequality had higher levels of exposure. Poverty‐based environmental and economic inequality exhibited a moderate, positive relation that was spatially patterned. Conclusion While environmental quality improved, we saw little progress in reducing environmental inequality. Though both race‐ and poverty‐based inequality remain, they result from different mechanisms. Future research should examine the relations between deindustrialization and economic, environmental, and political inequality.

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Section: State‐level Assessment Of Environmental Inequality: Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: State‐level Assessment Of Environmental Inequality: Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: State-level Assessment Of Environmental Inequality: Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Race, Income, and Environmental Inequality in the U.S. States, 1990–2014

Salazar

Clauson

Abel

et al. 2019

Social Science Quarterly

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“…26 A 2018 study demonstrated that the burden of particulate emissions continued to decline sharply for all Americans, irrespective of race or income level, between 2008 and 2014. 27 And, contrary to conventional wisdom, an analysis of the economic impacts of the Clean Air Act indicates that the benefits were progressive, benefiting poorer Americans twice as much as wealthier Americans. 28 Longitudinal studies focused on youth living in southern California reveal significant gains in lung function since the mid-1990s due to improvements in air quality (even as air quality in the region continues to lag behind national standards), with the greatest gains for asthmatics and Hispanic children.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…For instance, the 2018 study that shows the continued reductions in particulate matter exposure for all Americans also demonstrates the persistence of an alarming gap in exposure levels for whites compared to non-whites. 32 But highlighting the broader legacy of environmental gains is meant to challenge any assertions that, as a column in Grist magazine recently put it, the history of environmentalism is one dominated by "large environmental organizations … mostly run by well-off white people concerned about conserving critters and our country's natural beauty, not the health and welfare of its people." 33 Not only does that statement misread the scope and consequence of American environmentalism, it also ignores the extent to which this legacy of environmental accomplishment transcends the mainstream environmental movement.…”

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confidence: 99%

Legacies for the Common Good

Turner¹

2018

Mod. Am. Hist.

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In the past decade, numerous scholars and activists have highlighted the environmental movement's roots in white privilege. The activist Van Jones described the environmental movement as "affluent and lily white" and noted its failures to challenge the nation's racial status quo. 1 The geographer Carolyn Finney echoed that point, explaining that the "environment" has been a synonym for the "outdoors," and that, historically, the environmental movement has "legitimate[d] the invisibility of the African American in the Great Outdoors and in all spaces that inform, shape, and control the way we know and interact with the environment in the United States." 2 These critics and scholars are among many who have argued that protecting wild and suburban landscapes has come at the expense of the poor and minorities, as the burdens of pollution and environmental degradation have been shifted to disadvantaged communities, neighborhoods, or other countries. 3 The scholars Lisa Sun-Hee Park and David Pellow have advanced this point most stridently, describing a culture of "nativist environmentalism"-preoccupied with overpopulation and concerned with protecting environmental amenities for the privileged, usually "white," few. 4 Underlying these critiques is the argument that "mainstream" American environmentalism is hampered by its narrowness: focused on nature protection, rooted in white privilege, and complicit in a consumer culture that favors the well-to-do who can afford organic vegetables, hybrid vehicles, and suburban homes. Evidence-both historical and contemporary-substantiates aspects of this critique. American conservation and preservation movements in the early twentieth century were steeped in nativism and racism. 5 In the 1960s, luminaries like Rachel Carson focused more on the threat that pesticides posed to wildlife and children than to Latino farm workers. Wilderness advocates championed setting aside wild places "where man himself is a visitor who does not remain," largely ignoring Native Americans' historical claims to and cultural and political interests in such lands. 6 Leading activists such as Paul Ehrlich described a global population bomb in the The author appreciates the helpful feedback on this essay he received from Drew Isenberg, Matt Klingle, Tom Robertson, and Jennifer Thomson. 1 Van Jones, "Beyond Eco-Apartheid," Ella Baker Center, Apr. 30, 2007, http://ellabakercenter.org/in-the-news/ newsop-ed-news-story/beyond-eco-apartheid (accessed Jun. 24, 2017). 2 Carolyn Finney, Black Faces, White Spaces: Reimagining the Relationship of African Americans to the Great Outdoors (Chapel Hill, NC, 2014), 4-5. 3 Others who have advanced similar arguments include Laura Pulido, "Rethinking Environmental Racism: White Privilege and Urban Development in Southern California,"

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Association of Wildfire Air Pollution and Health Care Use for Atopic Dermatitis and Itch

et al. 2021

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IMPORTANCE Air pollution is a worldwide public health issue that has been exacerbated by recent wildfires, but the relationship between wildfire-associated air pollution and inflammatory skin diseases is unknown.OBJECTIVE To assess the associations between wildfire-associated air pollution and clinic visits for atopic dermatitis (AD) or itch and prescribed medications for AD management. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSThis cross-sectional time-series study assessed the associations of air pollution resulting from the California Camp Fire in November 2018 and 8049 dermatology clinic visits (4147 patients) at an academic tertiary care hospital system in San Francisco, 175 miles from the wildfire source. Participants included pediatric and adult patients with AD or itch from before, during, and after the time of the fire (October 2018 through February 2019), compared with those with visits in the same time frame of 2015 and 2016, when no large wildfires were near San Francisco. Data analysis was conducted from November 1, 2019, to May 30, 2020.EXPOSURES Wildfire-associated air pollution was characterized using 3 metrics: fire status, concentration of particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM 2.5 ), and satellite-based smoke plume density scores. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESWeekly clinic visit counts for AD or itch were the primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes were weekly numbers of topical and systemic medications prescribed for AD in adults.RESULTS Visits corresponding to a total of 4147 patients (mean [SD] age, 44.6 [21.1] years; 2322 [56%] female) were analyzed. The rates of visits for AD during the Camp Fire for pediatric patients were 1.49 (95% CI, 1.07-2.07) and for adult patients were 1.15 (95% CI, 1.02-1.30) times the rate for nonfire weeks at lag 0, adjusted for temperature, relative humidity, patient age, and total patient volume at the clinics for pediatric patients. The adjusted rate ratios for itch clinic visits during the wildfire weeks were 1.82 (95% CI, 1.20-2.78) for the pediatric patients and 1.29 (95% CI, 0.96-1.75) for adult patients. A 10-μg/m 3 increase in weekly mean PM 2.5 concentration was associated with a 7.7% (95% CI, 1.9%-13.7%) increase in weekly pediatric itch clinic visits. The adjusted rate ratio for prescribed systemic medications in adults during the Camp Fire at lag 0 was 1.45 (95% CI, 1.03-2.05). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEThis cross-sectional study found that short-term exposure to air pollution due to the wildfire was associated with increased health care use for patients with AD and itch. These results may provide a better understanding of the association between poor air quality and skin health and guide health care professionals' counseling of patients with skin disease and public health practice.

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Disparities in Distribution of Particulate Matter Emission Sources by Race and Poverty Status

Cited by 297 publications

References 23 publications

Race, Income, and Environmental Inequality in the U.S. States, 1990–2014

Race, Income, and Environmental Inequality in the U.S. States, 1990–2014

Legacies for the Common Good

Association of Wildfire Air Pollution and Health Care Use for Atopic Dermatitis and Itch

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