Dispersion-free extraction of In(III) from HCl solutions using a supported liquid membrane containing the HA324H+Cl− ionic liquid as the carrier

Abstract

By reaction of HCl and the tertiary amine HA324, an ionic liquid denoted HA324H + cl − was generated and used in the transport of indium(iii) from Hcl solutions. Metal transport experiments were carried out with a supported liquid membrane, and several variables affecting the permeation of indium(III) across the membrane were tested: stirring speed, metal and acid concentrations in the feed solutions and the carrier concentration in the supported organic solution. the metal transport results were also compared with those obtained using different carriers in the solid support. A model that described indium(III) transport across the membrane was proposed, and the corresponding diffusional parameters were estimated.

Effects of process factors on performances of liquid membrane-based transfer of indole-3-acetic acid

“…Various techniques for the separation of carboxylic acids from aqueous solutions, including liquid–liquid extraction, adsorption, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, ion exchange, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, distillation, liquid membrane separation (LMS), have been intensively studied 10 – 16 . LMS has a series of advantages, e.g., fast and selective separation of target compounds, high transport efficiency, recovery of different compounds with low concentrations, low cost compared to other methods of separation, simple handling, easy to scale up 10 – 13 , 17 – 20 . Accordingly, LMS could be an efficient sample pretreatment applied before instrumental analysis of IAA .…”

“…Mathematical modelling is an effective tool used to predict the performances of liquid membrane-based separation 11 , 17 – 20 , 28 , 30 , 31 . Process performances depend on different factors, e.g., type and initial concentration of separating species in the feed phase, type of organic solvent in the membrane phase, type and concentration of carrier in the membrane phase, type and concentration of stripping agent in the stripping phase, type of separation equipment, stirring speed, temperature, pH of feed and stripping phases, volumes of feed, membrane, and stripping phases and their contact surface areas.…”

Past, Present and Future of Membrane Technology in Spain

“…The size growth of the research groups on membrane science and development has led to the subdivision of the former departments into subgroups specialized in a certain approach of membrane research and the type of publications and journals their members divulgate their results on, belonging to a wide range of applications and membrane materials and module fabrication methods. See, for instance in the directory, the IEC and PROMETEO groups of the Polytechnic University of Valencia, distinguish themselves between electrochemical applications and membrane processes for water treatment [62][63][64], the subgroups of the GIQA group at Rey Juan Carlos University, one devoted to polymeric membranes for wastewater treatment, the other on inorganic membranes for gas separation [65][66][67], or the division of the Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department at the University of Cantabria into four subgroups covering almost all the membrane topics [68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76]. Likewise, the CREG group at the University of Zaragoza has been divided by the results obtained in the later years in two subgroups, one devoted to membrane reactors and inorganic membranes, and the other on the synthesis and characterization of mixed matrix membranes for molecular separations [77][78][79], while the consolidation of membranes in health issues such as bone regeneration, grows in groups similar to that from the University of Seville here [80][81][82].…”

Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Indium(III) from the HCl Medium by Ionic Liquid A327H+Cl− and Its Use in a Supported Liquid Membrane System

“…Hydrometallurgical recovery of indium from a material containing it requires some steps: the first is to leach the solid product, and in the case of indium, as expected, mineral acids and aqua regia is the media to dissolve the element [3,4], though incursions in the use of bioleaching [5] and deep eutectic solvents [6] are also known. Once dissolved, the approaches to recover the metal include ion exchange [7], precipitation [8], membranes [9,10], counter-current foam separation [11], electrowinning [12], cementation [4], but the main interest seemed to be in the use of solvent extraction using conventional extractants, such as 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives [13], D2EHPA [14], TBP (tributyl phosphate [15], methylimino-dioctylacetamide (MIDOA) [16], ionic liquids (Cyphos IL101 and Aliquat 336 [17], Cyphos IL104 [18], A324H + Cl − [19], PJMTH + HSO 4…”

“…Hydrometallurgical recovery of indium from a material containing it requires some steps: the first is to leach the solid product, and in the case of indium, as expected, mineral acids and aqua regia is the media to dissolve the element [ 3 , 4 ], though incursions in the use of bioleaching [ 5 ] and deep eutectic solvents [ 6 ] are also known. Once dissolved, the approaches to recover the metal include ion exchange [ 7 ], precipitation [ 8 ], membranes [ 9 , 10 ], counter-current foam separation [ 11 ], electrowinning [ 12 ], cementation [ 4 ], but the main interest seemed to be in the use of solvent extraction using conventional extractants, such as 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives [ 13 ], D2EHPA [ 14 ], TBP (tributyl phosphate [ 15 ], methylimino-dioctylacetamide (MIDOA) [ 16 ], ionic liquids (Cyphos IL101 and Aliquat 336 [ 17 ], Cyphos IL104 [ 18 ], A324H + Cl − [ 19 ], PJMTH + HSO 4 − [ 20 ]), or chloride-rich deep eutectic solvents [ 21 ]; in all the above cases, the extraction efficiencies of the different extractants were high, i.e., exceeding 95%, though the experimental conditions vary from one investigation to another, i.e., pH 2 [ 13 ] against a medium rich in HCl [ 15 , 19 ], a type of an acidic medium, i.e., HCl [ 16 ] against sulphuric acid [ 20 ], and varying extractant concentrations [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ].…”