Dispersion of fillers and the electrical conductivity of polymer blends filled with carbon black

Sumita, Masao; Sakata, Kazuya; Asai, Shigeo; Miyasaka, Keizo; Nakagawa, Hideaki

doi:10.1007/bf00310802

Cited by 1,001 publications

(722 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Wetting coefficient "a is proposed to deduce the selective localization of nanofiller according to Equation (1) [16]: (1) where, " nanofiller-polymer 1 , " nanofiller-polymer 2 , and " polymer 1,2 , are the interfacial energies between nanofiller and polymer 1 , between nanofiller and polymer 2 , and between the two polymer phases. In the present work PLA represents polymer 1 and PA11 represents polymer 2 .…”

Section: Results and Discussion 31 Hnts Selective Localization In Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toughening of poly(lactic acid) without sacrificing stiffness and strength by melt-blending with polyamide 11 and selective localization of halloysite nanotubes

Rashmi¹,

Prashantha²,

Lacrampe³

et al. 2015

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. This paper aims at improving the mechanical behavior of biobased brittle amorphous polylactide (PLA) by extrusion melt-blending with biobased semi-crystalline polyamide 11 (PA11) and addition of halloysite nanotubes (HNT). The morphological analysis of the PLA/PA11/HNT blends shows a strong interface between the two polymeric phases due to hydrogen bonding, and the migration of HNTs towards PA11 phase inducing their selective localization in one of the polymeric phases of the blend. A 'salami-like' structure is formed revealing a HNTs-rich tubular-like (fibrillar) PA11 phase. Moreover, HNTs localized in the dispersed phase act as nucleating agents for PA11. Compared to neat PLA, this leads to a remarkable improvement in tensile and impact properties (elongation at break is multiplied by a factor 43, impact strength by 2, whereas tensile strength and stiffness are almost unchanged). The toughening mechanism is discussed based on the combined effect of resistance to crack propagation and nanotubes load bearing capacity due to the existence of the fibrillar structure. Thus, blending brittle PLA with PA11 and HNT nanotubes results in tailor-made PLA-based compounds with enhanced ductility without sacrificing stiffness and strength.

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Section: Results and Discussion 31 Hnts Selective Localization In Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toughening of poly(lactic acid) without sacrificing stiffness and strength by melt-blending with polyamide 11 and selective localization of halloysite nanotubes

Rashmi¹,

Prashantha²,

Lacrampe³

et al. 2015

Express Polym. Lett.

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“…Upon formation of the network, current, which is stored due to micro size capacitors consisting of conductor, filler, and insulator matrix, flows away. This results in sudden rise in the value of the observed conductivity [22,23]. This high level of observed conductivity lasts until network exists.…”

Section: Electrical Charactermentioning

confidence: 95%

Surfactant Incorporated Co Nanoparticles Polymer Composites with Uniform Dispersion and Double Percolation

Hussain

Ahmad

Nawaz

et al. 2017

Journal of Chemistry

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Series of Cobalt nanoparticles incorporated polymethylmethacrylate composites in the presence and absence of dodecyl-benzenesulphonic acid (DBSA-CoNPs/PMMA and CoNPs/PMMA, resp.) were synthesized by solution mixing methodology. UV-visible and FTIR techniques were used to confirm the formation of nanocomposite. UV-visible spectra of the composites showed the incorporation of filler particles in the polymer matrix. On the other hand, FTIR spectra indicated the physical interaction between the two phases of the composite. Moreover, the electrical nature of the composites was studied by plotting graphs between electrical conductivity (measured using LCR meter at 100 kHz) and contents of the filler particles as introduced in the polymer matrix. An increase in electrical conductivity was first observed with increasing filler concentration up to the critical percolation threshold value (0.5% for DBSA-CoNPs/PMMA and 1% for CoNPs/PMMA), which then dropped upon further increments in the filler content. However, at higher concentrations, a second jump in the conductivity was observed in case of DBSA-CoNPs/PMMA composites.

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“…In binary blends, such as PP/EPDM, nanoclays can be located in each individual phase or interface. The distribution of nanoclays in the blend can be estimated according to the Young's equation, based on the interfacial energies of the components, as follows 40 :…”

Section: Microcellular Foaming Of Pp/epdm/organoclay M Keramati Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Microcellular foaming of PP/EPDM/organoclay nanocomposites: the effect of the distribution of nanoclay on foam morphology

Keramati

Ghasemi

Karrabi

et al. 2012

Polym J

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In this study, microcellular foams based on polypropylene/ethylene propylene diene monomer/organoclay (PP/EPDM/organoclay) nanocomposites were produced via a batch process using supercritical nitrogen (N 2 ) as the physical blowing agent. The foaming temperature and morphological observation demonstrated that foaming occurred mostly in the PP phase. To evaluate the effect of organoclay distribution on the cell nucleation step and the final foam morphology, the location of the nanofillers in the nanocomposite blend was traced by means of surface energies and Young's equation. The calculated wetting coefficient predicted that the organoclays would have more affinity with PP and would primarily distribute into the PP phase. These results were confirmed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The cell density and average cell sizes are the main foam characteristics that were determined using SEM micrographs, and it was found that these parameters were influenced by the presence of nanoclays. An improved foam morphology was obtained in the nanocomposite samples. INTRODUCTIONBecause polymeric materials are widely used in daily life, the need to reduce the amount of consumed materials has received significant attention. Currently, polymeric foams have become more popular because conventional foams exhibit two important limitations: weak mechanical properties and harmful residues. Hence, the idea of microcellular foaming was invented by Martini et al. 1 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to produce lightweight materials without compromising their functional performance. Microcellular foams are defined as foams with cell populations 410 9 cells cm -3 and cell sizes of approximately 10 mm. 2 The tiny size and uniform distribution of bubbles, which are smaller than the critical flaws that already exist in polymers, make microcellular plastics possible for use in daily life applications instead of conventional foams. 3 Microcellular foaming technology has been rapidly developed in the past 2 decades, and microcellular parts have been produced via batch, injection molding and extrusion processes. 4-9 Despite a variety of production methods, the main foaming mechanism is the same. In the first step, the polymer is saturated with an inert gas at high pressure. In the second step, by means of rapid depressurization, the solubility of the dissolved gas decreases, and a super-saturation state occurs. As a result, cell nucleation is thermodynamically favored, and then microcells form through stabilization. 8

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Dispersion of fillers and the electrical conductivity of polymer blends filled with carbon black

Cited by 1,001 publications

References 12 publications

Toughening of poly(lactic acid) without sacrificing stiffness and strength by melt-blending with polyamide 11 and selective localization of halloysite nanotubes

Toughening of poly(lactic acid) without sacrificing stiffness and strength by melt-blending with polyamide 11 and selective localization of halloysite nanotubes

Surfactant Incorporated Co Nanoparticles Polymer Composites with Uniform Dispersion and Double Percolation

Microcellular foaming of PP/EPDM/organoclay nanocomposites: the effect of the distribution of nanoclay on foam morphology

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