Dispersion of Pigments in Rubber. I—Microscopical Studies of Agglomeration and Flocculation

Grenquist, Ernst A.

doi:10.5254/1.3535318

Cited by 3 publications

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“…Evidence of the influence of carbon black morphology on the tendency of the filler to flocculate on heating the rubber was also reported. 3 Almost a century after these pioneering studies, a unified understanding of the physics driving filler flocculation in rubber is still to be proposed and remains a topic of high interest for the rubber scientific community.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glass-like Signatures in the Dynamic Rheology of Particle-Filled Polymers

Robin

Robertson

2022

Macromolecules

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Strain amplitude (γ) effects on the time-dependent dynamic viscosity of percolated particle networks in a filled polymer are shown to mirror temperature effects on volume relaxation in nonequilibrium glasses, consistent with the jamming phase diagram concept. This is demonstrated with an uncrosslinked polymer nanocomposite system based on natural rubber reinforced with N121 carbon black (CB) particles that was evaluated with oscillatory shear rheometry. This CB-filled rubber displayed the glass-like kinetic signatures of nonequilibrium relaxation, asymmetry of approach, and the memory/crossover effect in experiments involving strain amplitude jumps comparable to temperature-jump experiments that are used to study glass-forming materials. However, the asymmetry of approach showed a slower relaxation for the γ down-jump relative to the up-jump, which is opposite to the classic temperature jump experiments on glasses. The particle networking process, commonly called filler flocculation, was also investigated as a function of filler volume fraction (ϕ), and a new definition of the percolation threshold emerged from these results. The critical ϕ where flocculation diminished to zero was identified from the ϕ-dependent data and matched well the percolation threshold separately determined from electrical resistivity measurements on crosslinked specimens.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glass-like Signatures in the Dynamic Rheology of Particle-Filled Polymers

Robin

Robertson

2022

Macromolecules

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Ueber aktive Füllstoffe

Bachmann

Behre

Blankenstein

1931

Kolloid-Zeitschrift

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Quantifying Sulfur Dispersion Using Population Survival Analysis of Tensile Strength

Wong

Ignatz‐Hoover

Childress

et al. 2023

Rubber Chemistry and Technology

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High-performance rubber compounds require good dispersion of polymers, fillers, and other additives. However, fine powdery additives such as zinc oxide and insoluble sulfur (IS) are characteristically difficult to disperse, and poor dispersion may lead to large crosslink and modulus gradients in the final vulcanizate. IS dispersion can be assessed directly or indirectly, yet many techniques suffer from a lack of sensitivity and accuracy or are cost prohibitive. Herein, we describe the application of a two-parameter Weibull distribution and population survival analysis of cured rubber tensile strength as a simple technique to evaluate IS dispersion. We use statistical tools to determine the optimum number of sample replicates required to differentiate the quality of dispersion in rubber articles through the Weibull scale and shape estimates (a and b, respectively). We then demonstrate how mixing cycle time and intensity affect the dispersion of two IS grades and show that judicious choice of IS can lead to reduced cycle mix times, productivity improvements, and energy cost savings.

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Dispersion of Pigments in Rubber. I—Microscopical Studies of Agglomeration and Flocculation

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Glass-like Signatures in the Dynamic Rheology of Particle-Filled Polymers

Glass-like Signatures in the Dynamic Rheology of Particle-Filled Polymers

Ueber aktive Füllstoffe

Quantifying Sulfur Dispersion Using Population Survival Analysis of Tensile Strength

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