Dispersion Properties of Nanocellulose: A Review

Chu, Youlu; Sun, Yan; Wu, Weibing; Xiao, Huining

doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116892

Cited by 194 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 190 publications

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“…However, these "fibrils" should not be confused with the cellulose fibrils which, by contrast, reinforced the polymer matrix. Additionally, the micrographs showed some different characteristic diameter tangles of cellulose fibrils, probably related to their mutual macromolecular self-organising during the biosynthesis process, of which the modification and destruction would cause defibrillation, forming looser structures [57]. Interesting is the random and well-dispersed presence of shiny dots within the plasticized matrix [58], corresponding to the transverse fractured sections of cellulose fibril and, as evidenced previously, its enhanced defibrillation [59].…”

Section: Lab-scale Resultssupporting

confidence: 51%

Dispersion of Micro Fibrillated Cellulose (MFC) in Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) from Lab-Scale to Semi-Industrial Processing Using Biobased Plasticizers as Dispersing Aids

et al. 2021

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In the present study, two commercial typologies of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) (Exilva and Celish) with 2% wt % were firstly melt-compounded at the laboratory scale into polylactic acid (PLA) by a microcompounder. To reach an MFC proper dispersion and avoid the well-known aglomeration problems, the use of two kinds of biobased plasticisers (poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and lactic acid oligomer (OLA)) were investigated. The plasticizers had the dual effect of dispersing the MFC, and at the same time, they counterbalanced the excessive stiffness caused by the addition of MFC to the PLA matrix. Several preliminaries dilution tests, with different aqueous cellulose suspension/plasticizer weight ratios were carried out. These tests were accompanied by SEM observations and IR and mechanical tests on compression-molded films in order to select the best plasticizer content. The best formulation was then scaled up in a semi-industrial twin-screw extruder, feeding the solution by a peristaltic pump, to optimize the industrial-scale production of commercial MFC-based composites with a solvent-free method. From this study, it can be seen that the use of plasticisers as dispersing aids is a biobased and green solution that can be easily used in conventional extrusion techniques.

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Section: Lab-scale Resultssupporting

confidence: 51%

Dispersion of Micro Fibrillated Cellulose (MFC) in Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) from Lab-Scale to Semi-Industrial Processing Using Biobased Plasticizers as Dispersing Aids

et al. 2021

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“…Then, a slight decrease in strain value was observed for composite with 1% on NC and rapid drop-down for EP + 1.5% NC. This might be attributed to the larger amount of well-dispersed cellulose nanoparticles within the epoxy matrix, as well as the formation of strong interaction between EP and NC [29,47]. This is also confirmed by the flexural modulus values shown in Figure 9.…”

Section: Mechanical Testing Resultssupporting

confidence: 55%

Mechanical Properties of Bio-Composites Based on Epoxy Resin and Nanocellulose Fibres

et al. 2021

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The aim of our research was to investigate the effect of a small nanocellulose (NC) addition on an improvement of the mechanical properties of epoxy composites. A procedure of chemical extraction from pressed lignin was used to obtain nanocellulose fibers. The presence of nanoparticles in the cellulose pulp was confirmed by FTIR/ATR spectra as well as measurement of nanocellulose particle size using a Zetasizer analyzer. Epoxy composites with NC contents from 0.5% to 1.5% w/w were prepared. The obtained composites were subjected to strength tests, such as impact strength (IS) and resistance to three-point bending with a determination of critical stress intensity factor (Kc). The impact strength of nanocellulose composites doubled in comparison to the unmodified epoxy resin (EP 0). Moreover, Kc was increased by approximately 50% and 70% for the 1.5 and 0.5% w/w NC, respectively. The maximum value of stress at break was achieved at 1% NC concentration in EP and it was 15% higher than that for unmodified epoxy resin. The highest value of destruction energy was characterized by the composition with 0.5% NC and corresponds to the increase of 102% in comparison with EP 0. Based on the analysis of the results it was noted that satisfactory improvement of the mechanical properties of the composite was achieved with a very small addition of nanofiller while other research indicates the need to add much more nanocellulose. It is also expected that this kind of use of raw materials will allow increasing the economic efficiency of the nanocomposite preparation process. Moreover, nanocomposites obtained in this way can be applied as elements of machines or as a modified epoxy matrix for sandwich composites, enabling production of the structure material with reduced weight but improved mechanical properties.

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“…However, drying of the acid-form of NCC results in aggregates that will not disperse even with intense sonication due to strong particle-particle interactions; this behavior has been attributed to hydrogen bonding and attractive van der Waals forces (Reid et al 2016(Reid et al , 2017b. NFC are less commonly dried due to their inherently entangled structure, which leads to difficulties in dispersing them; however, new drying processes, dispersant agents and appropriate surface modification methods have been investigated to improve the dispersion performance of NC and, as consequence, to commercialize more dispersible forms of dried NFC (Eyholzer et al 2010;Butchosa and Zhou 2014;Takaichi et al 2014;Chu et al 2020). Many researchers have discussed the importance of dispersion and uniformity of NC on nanocomposite performance (Campano et al 2018a).…”

Section: Suspensions Of Nc: Surface Chemistry and Dispersion-aggregation Statementioning

confidence: 99%

Nanocellulose characterization challenges

Balea

Blanco

Delgado-Aguilar

et al. 2021

BioRes

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Despite the extraordinary properties of nanocellulose (NC), as confirmed through two decades of exhaustive research, addressing an array of potential applications, the NC market is still far from reaching its full potential. Among the main causes is the lack of process-adapted measuring tools capable of characterizing NC, at acceptable speed and reliability, to meet the industrial demands in a cost-effective way. Therefore, reliable characterization methodologies of NC and new standards are of paramount importance in ensuring reproducible research results and quality control specifications for present and future NC products and applications. Furthermore, the successful industrial use of NC products depends on critical parameters that are still being identified and studied. This review paper aims to identify some of the current drawbacks and limitations in NC characterization that hinder their commercial deployment. Moreover, important challenges related to characterization and new opportunities for future research in this field are addressed.

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Dispersion Properties of Nanocellulose: A Review

Cited by 194 publications

References 190 publications

Dispersion of Micro Fibrillated Cellulose (MFC) in Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) from Lab-Scale to Semi-Industrial Processing Using Biobased Plasticizers as Dispersing Aids

Dispersion of Micro Fibrillated Cellulose (MFC) in Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) from Lab-Scale to Semi-Industrial Processing Using Biobased Plasticizers as Dispersing Aids

Mechanical Properties of Bio-Composites Based on Epoxy Resin and Nanocellulose Fibres

Nanocellulose characterization challenges

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