Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction of 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-carboxylic Acid applied to Urine Testing

Rodrigues, Leonardo Costalonga; Kahl, Júlia Mm; Chinaglia, Kauê O de; Campos, Eduardo Geraldo de; Costa, José Luiz

doi:10.4155/bio-2021-0237

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…The same happens when using systems with greater sensitivity, such as LC–MS/MS [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 42 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ]. Nonetheless, some authors report lower LLOQs than those obtained with our MEPS–GC–MS, mostly using techniques with greater sensitivity, including GC–MS/MS [ 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ] and LC–MS/MS [ 38 , 39 , 42 , 46 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ]; several of these approaches also used larger sample volumes. Table 2 summarizes the information.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Micro-solid-phase extraction (µ-SPE) [ 39 ], molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) [ 43 , 45 ], disposable pipette extraction (DPX) [ 42 , 55 , 63 ], dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) [ 53 , 60 ], packed in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME) [ 48 ], and hollow fiber membrane solvent microextraction (HFMSME) [ 64 ] are other miniaturized sample preparation techniques that have been applied to urine samples to extract cannabinoids. However, extraction efficiencies were not reported for some of the latter, namely DPX [ 63 ], SMPE [ 48 ], and DLLME [ 53 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Determination of Cannabinoids in Urine Samples Using Microextraction by Packed Sorbent and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

et al. 2022

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Cannabis is the most consumed illicit drug worldwide, and its legal status is a source of concern. This study proposes a rapid procedure for the simultaneous quantification of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC), 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN) in urine samples. Microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) was used to pre-concentrate the analytes, which were detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The procedure was previously optimized, and the final conditions were: conditioning with 50 µL methanol and 50 µL of water, sample load with two draw–eject cycles, and washing with 310 µL of 0.1% formic acid in water with 5% isopropanol; the elution was made with 35 µL of 0.1% ammonium hydroxide in methanol. This fast extraction procedure allowed quantification in the ranges of 1–400 ng/mL for THC and CBD, 5–400 ng/mL for CBN and 11-OH-THC, and 10–400 ng/mL for THC-COOH with coefficients of determination higher than 0.99. The limits of quantification and detection were between 1 and 10 ng/mL using 0.25 mL of sample. The extraction efficiencies varied between 26 and 85%. This analytical method is the first allowing the for determination of cannabinoids in urine samples using MEPS, a fast, simple, and low-cost alternative to conventional techniques.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Determination of Cannabinoids in Urine Samples Using Microextraction by Packed Sorbent and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

et al. 2022

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“…1 There are several published materials describing GC-based analysis of various urine samples for the presence of phytocannabinoids and their metabolites. 104,106,108,113,[119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126] Several extraction methods, for example, liquid-liquid extraction, disposable pipette extraction, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, and automated online SPE, as well as QuEChERS extraction kits have been applied for sample preparation for the GC-FID, GC-MS, or GC-MS/MS analysis.…”

Section: An Interesting Gc-ms-based Study Has Recently Been Conductedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, THCA ( 11 ) is also present in crude marijuana but is converted to THC ( 10 ) via decarboxylation by heat during smoking. The use of GC‐based methods 104,106–126 in the detection of phytocannabinoids and their metabolites in various biological samples has been summarised in Table 2.…”

Section: Gc Analysis Of Phytocannabinoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of gas chromatography in the analysis of phytocannabinoids: An update (2020–2023)

Nahar,

Gavril,

Sarker

2023

Phytochemical Analysis

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IntroductionCannabinoids are a group of compounds that bind to cannabinoid receptors. They possess pharmacological properties like that of the plant Cannabis sativa. Gas chromatography (GC) is one of the popular chromatographic techniques that has been routinely used in the analysis of cannabinoids in different matrices.ObjectiveThe article aims to review the literature on the application of GC‐based analytical methods for the analysis of phytocannabinoids published during the period from January 2020 to August 2023.MethodologyA thorough literature search was conducted using different databases, like Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Google Scholar, and other relevant published materials including published books. The keywords used, in various combinations, with cannabinoids being present in all combinations, in the search were cannabinoids, Cannabis sativa, marijuana, analysis, GC, quantitative, qualitative, and quality control. From the search results, only the publications that incorporate the GC analysis of phytocannabinoids were reviewed, and papers on synthetic cannabinoids were excluded.ResultsSince the publication of the review article on GC analysis of phytocannabinoids in early 2020, several GC‐based methods for the analysis of phytocannabinoids have appeared in the literature. While simple 1D GC–mass spectrometry (MS) and GC–flame ionisation detector (FID) methods are still quite common in phytocannabinoids analysis, 2D GC‐MS and GC‐MS/MS are increasingly becoming popular, as these techniques offer more useful data for identification and quantification of phytocannabinoids in various matrices. The use of automation in sample preparation and the utilisation of mathematical and computational models for optimisation of different protocols have become a norm in phytocannabinoids analysis. Pre‐analyses have been found to incorporate different derivatisation techniques and environmentally friendly extraction protocols.ConclusionsGC‐based analysis of phytocannabinoids, especially using GC‐MS, remains one of the most preferred methods for the analysis of these compounds. New derivatisation methods, ionisation techniques, mathematical models, and computational approaches for method optimisation have been introduced.

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Current chromatographic methods to determine cannabinoids in biological samples: A review of the state-of-the art on sample preparation techniques

Oliveira,

Grecco,

de Souza

et al. 2024

Green Analytical Chemistry

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Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction of 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-carboxylic Acid applied to Urine Testing

Cited by 5 publications

References 56 publications

The Determination of Cannabinoids in Urine Samples Using Microextraction by Packed Sorbent and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

The Determination of Cannabinoids in Urine Samples Using Microextraction by Packed Sorbent and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Application of gas chromatography in the analysis of phytocannabinoids: An update (2020–2023)

Current chromatographic methods to determine cannabinoids in biological samples: A review of the state-of-the art on sample preparation techniques

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