Displacement and distance measurement using the change in junction voltage across a laser diode due to the self-mixing effect

Lim, Yah Leng; Bertling, Karl; Rio, Pierre; Tucker, J. R.; Rakić, Aleksandar D.

doi:10.1117/12.638433

Cited by 32 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…Therefore, relative position of the target can be recovered from this SM signal with sub-wavelength resolution. 21 The total amplitude change of the laser terminal voltage (3 lV peak-to-peak) as the target is displaced is an order of magnitude smaller than the typical signal obtained for in-plane diode lasers or vertical-cavity surface-emmiting lasers (which are both in the tens of microvolts 22,23 ) and several orders smaller than the terminal voltage change observed in terahertz QCLs (millivolts). 19,24 The experimental self-mixing waveform obtained in this way can be modelled through the use of the excess phase equation (that is, the steady-state solution to the Lang-Kobayashi rate equation model for a laser under optical feedback), when the stimulus is simply displacement linear in time.…”

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confidence: 99%

Demonstration of the self-mixing effect in interband cascade lasers

Bertling

Lim

Taimre

et al. 2013

Applied Physics Letters

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confidence: 99%

Demonstration of the self-mixing effect in interband cascade lasers

Bertling

Lim

Taimre

et al. 2013

Applied Physics Letters

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“…4 Results and Discussion: Figure 1 shows experimental and simulated FFT spectra of the self-mixing signal for the system in question. The change in the laser's terminal voltage -the 'voltage sig naI' -was used [5]. The signal is com posed of a fundamental peak in the fre quency domain (the frequency of which is proportional to the measured velocity) [3] with harmonics at integer multiples of the fu ndamental.…”

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Harmonic levels in self-mixing interferometry

Nikolić

Lim

Kliese

et al. 2010

2010 Conference on Optoelectronic and Microelectronic Materials and Devices

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“…In this paper we used a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) and measured the laser terminal voltage, from which we derive our self-mixing signal. [119]. Therefore, the proposed LFI system is compact and low-cost as VCSELs can be provided in small dimensions and 6.1 PAPER F 105 inexpensively.…”

Section: Laser Feedback Interferometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The remote target forms an external cavity and any changes in the characteristics of this external cavity, either attributed to the dimensions of the external cavity or the behavior of the target, give rise to perturbations in the laser's optical and electrical properties. By monitoring the laser output power or terminal voltage (which is proportional to the output power), these changes can be sensed [10,119,120].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We obtained the signal from the VCSEL junction voltage which was proportional to the optical output power [77], for simplicity, using less components, and having access to a broader bandwidth [119]. Because the laser was noisy at dc or low frequencies [122], we needed to modulate the beam at a higher frequency to extract the confocal reflectance signal.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Skin cancer detection using laser imaging

Mowla¹

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Endeavors to develop a non-invasive and reliable device to detect different types of skin cancer in its early stages have been undertaken over the past few years. Although some advances have been made towards such developments, there remains great scope for the development of a non-expensive, compact, reliable, safe, easy to use, fast, sensitive, and non-invasive device. This project will apply the innovative laser feedback interferometry (LFI) technique to skin cancer detection via laser imaging using near-infrared vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs). In this project, the science behind lighttissue interactions has been explored and skin imaging modalities have been elaborately studied. As a result, LFI has been exploited in various configurations to image different modalities such as Doppler flowmetry and confocal reflectance. In addition to single modality imaging, dual-modality imaging has also been proposed and conducted experimentally, to image Doppler flowmetry and confocal reflectance at the same time, using an integrated LFI system. It is shown that dual-modality imaging can yield images with higher contrast which provide more information about morphological and functional characteristics of a target under test.In addition to two-dimensional LFI imaging, three-dimensional imaging systems have also been studied and employed in the laboratory. A tomographic image identifies tissue volume with altered optical properties due to cancerous or other malignant tissue processes. We applied the three-dimensional imaging system to different types of keratinocyte skin cancer phantoms and results show high level of sensitivity in providing tomographic images. Using high numerical aperture lenses, making images at resolutions down to micrometer scales is possible, which is promising for microscopy of biological structures.Furthermore, parallel LFI imaging using an array of 24 VCSELs was also studied theoretically and experimentally as a part of this work. A VCSEL array was used in a parallel read-out LFI imaging system to develop a fast and high resolution device, which eliminates the need to scan mechanically in one dimension.Investigating the complex interactions of the laser beam and tissue requires a powerful and robust simulation technique. Monte Carlo was used as a simulation technique to model the light-tissue interactions occurring in the optical systems in this work. Firstly, we tested and validated the Monte Carlo main engine which was developed in the group, by studying morphological aspects of the simulated and experimental signals in a laser Doppler velocimetry system, and deep insight into the nature of the LFI Doppler spectrum and further conclusions were drawn. Secondly, the Monte Carlo engine was used in iii modeling and analyzing of optical systems, in this work.We developed tissue phantom making techniques which were used to examine the experimental ideas in place of biological samples which are difficult to obtain and work with. Therefore, tissue phantom techniques were studie...

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Displacement and distance measurement using the change in junction voltage across a laser diode due to the self-mixing effect

Cited by 32 publications

References 15 publications

Demonstration of the self-mixing effect in interband cascade lasers

Demonstration of the self-mixing effect in interband cascade lasers

Harmonic levels in self-mixing interferometry

Skin cancer detection using laser imaging

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