Displacement rate effects on mixed-mode I/II delamination of laminated carbon/epoxy composites

Low, Kean Ong; Johar, Mahzan; Sung, Aun Naa; Nasir, Mohd Nazri Mohd; Koloor, Seyed Saeid Rahimian; Petrů, Michal; Israr, Haris Ahmad; Wong, King Jye

doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2022.107512

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The prediction of damage behavior of lightweight GFRP composite under impact load is important for the design and development of GFRP composite for the automotive component. This is because impact events can cause significant damage in composite structures with different failure modes comprising fiber breakage, matrix cracking, multi-delamination, and catastrophic failures [ 195 , 196 ]. Knowledge of damage mechanics for the load-bearing performance of composite structures can be found elsewhere [ 197 , 198 ].…”

Section: Impact Response Of Gfrp Composite Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lightweight Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite for Automotive Bumper Applications: A Review

et al. 2022

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The enhancement of fuel economy and the emission of greenhouse gases are the key growing challenges around the globe that drive automobile manufacturers to produce lightweight vehicles. Additionally, the reduction in the weight of the vehicle could contribute to its recyclability and performance (for example crashworthiness and impact resistance). One of the strategies is to develop high-performance lightweight materials by the replacement of conventional materials such as steel and cast iron with lightweight materials. The lightweight composite which is commonly referred to as fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) composite is one of the lightweight materials to achieve fuel efficiency and the reduction of CO2 emission. However, the damage of FRP composite under impact loading is one of the critical factors which affects its structural application. The bumper beam plays a key role in bearing sudden impact during a collision. Polymer composite materials have been abundantly used in a variety of applications such as transportation industries. The main thrust of the present paper deals with the use of high-strength glass fibers as the reinforcing member in the polymer composite to develop a car bumper beam. The mechanical performance and manufacturing techniques are discussed. Based on the literature studies, glass fiber-reinforced composite (GRP) provides more promise in the automotive industry compared to conventional materials such as car bumper beams.

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Section: Impact Response Of Gfrp Composite Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lightweight Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite for Automotive Bumper Applications: A Review

et al. 2022

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“…Here, E m is taken as 4.5 GPa and h ce is 10 μm. [15,16,41,42] Thus, K nn is estimated to be 4.5 Â 10 5 MPa/mm. This is also within the range commonly used (9.4 Â 10 3 to 3 Â 10 6 MPa/mm).…”

Section: Determination Of the Cohesive Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This was found to be sufficient to simulate the bending behavior of the specimen, which was done by comparing the linear-elastic region of the global force-displacement curves obtained from the experiment and the one obtained from the FE model. [15,16,41,42] The delamination zone of interest was meshed using elements with a predetermined length of 0.1 mm. The elements outside the delamination zone of interest were set to a length of 2 mm.…”

Section: Finite Element Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mode I penalty stiffness K nn is estimated using Equation (),

K_{italicnn} = \frac{E_{m}}{h_{ce}}

where E m is the Young's modulus of the epoxy resin and h ce is the thickness of the cohesive element (10 μm). This approach has been successfully applied in several studies, for example, to simulate the mode II delamination of three quasi‐isotropic quasi‐homogeneous woven glass/polyester composites, [ 20 ] mode II delamination of unidirectional carbon/epoxy composites subjected to moisture effects, [ 16 ] mode I, [ 15 ] mode II [ 41 ] and mixed‐mode I/II [ 42 ] delamination of unidirectional carbon/epoxy composite with displacement rate effects. Here, E m is taken as 4.5 GPa and h ce is 10 μm.…”

Section: Bilinear Traction‐separation Lawmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fiber bridging mechanism in moisture‐induced mode I delamination in carbon/epoxy composites: Finite element analysis and experimental investigation

2022

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Prolonged exposure of fiber reinforced composite structures to high moisture and temperature in outdoor environment could lead to the degradation of mechanical properties of the materials. To provides reliable prediction of the delamination behavior as the moisture progressively ingresses into the composites, we proposed a Bilinear-Exponential Traction-Separation (BETS) lawwhich can account for the fiber bridging mechanism-for investigating the mode I delamination of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite laminates in wet states. Finite element analysis (FEA) of the delamination model was conducted to evaluate the effects of moisture content on the global force-displacement curves. A cohesive zone model (CZM) was used to describe the delamination behavior at the interface. With regard to the forcedisplacement curves, the BETS law agrees well with results from experimental study (using the double cantilever beam testing on the wet specimens) at both the elastic and failure regions. The delamination model governed by the BETS law also showed good agreement with the crack length versus the crosshead displacement. The FE model that considered the inputs from the BETS law yielded prediction about the evolution of the damage parameter and crack growth profile. In particular, the predicted crack extension increases linearly with increasing crosshead displacement. The proposed BETS law has the advantage of not requiring crack growth monitoring during experiment, and only one fitting parameter was needed to describe the bridging law at different moisture content levels.Abbreviations: a o , initial crack length; BETS, bilinear-exponential traction-separation; BTS, bilinear traction-separation; COD, crack opening displacement; COH3D8, cohesive elements; CT, compact tension; CZL, cohesive zone length; CZM, cohesive zone model; d, crosshead displacement; D, damage parameter; da, crack extension (or incremental crack length); da ss , crack extension when steady-state fracture toughness is attained; DCB, double cantilever beam; E 11 , longitudinal modulus of the composite; E 22 , transverse modulus of the composite; E m , young's modulus of the epoxy resin; FML, fiber-metal laminates; G, fracture energy; G Ib , fracture energy due to fiber bridging effect; G IC , fracture toughness; G ss , steady-state fracture toughness; h ce , thickness of the cohesive element; K nn , mode I penalty stiffness; m, fracture toughness ratio; M, moisture content levels; n, strength ratio; SC8R, continuum shell elements; t b,n , bridging initiation traction; t n , normal traction; TTS, trilinear Traction-Separation; t u,n , mode I interface strength; VCCT, virtual crack closure technique; V f , fiber volume fraction; Y T , transverse tensile strength; α, cohesive zone model parameter; γ, fitting parameter in the damage parameter equation; δ b,n , bridging initiation separation; δ f,n , separation at ultimate failure; δ n -δ o,n , relative separation between normal and at damage initiation; δ n , normal separation; δ o,n , separatio...

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“…This phenomenon can be induced easily inside composite structures or near laminate edges where three-dimensional stress state occurs. In the current literature, there is considerable amount of papers devoted to research of delamination process, both numerically and experimentally [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. According to the fracture mechanics approach, delamination process can be analyzed by comparing fracture toughness represented by the energy release rate (ERR) at delamination interface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and Numerical Research of Delamination Process in CFRP Laminates with Bending-Twisting Elastic Couplings

Rzeczkowski

Samborski

2022

Materials

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This paper aims at experimental and numerical research of delamination process in carbon/epoxy composite laminates with different fiber orientation angles in stacking sequence exhibiting the bending–twisting elastic couplings. Experimental specimens were subjected to the double cantilever beam (DCB) tests according to the ASTM D5528 regulations. Values of the mode I strain energy release rates were calculated by using three different data reduction schemes: the modified beam theory, the compliance calibration method and the modified compliance calibration. Determination of delamination initiation point was conducted in twofold way: by visual observation of crack tip using high resolution camera and by utilization of the acoustic emission technique. Numerical analyss were prepared in Abaqus/CAE Software environment by using the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT). The numerical beam model consisted of SC8R continuum shell elements. Obtained outcomes revealed that extensive fiber bridging phenomenon occurring during delamination process pronouncedly affected propagation values of strain energy release rate (GIprop) and numerically obtained load–displacement curves. Nevertheless, in initial stage of delamination, results obtained by using the VCCT were in agreement with experimental data. The greatest value of the mode I fracture toughness equal 0.56 N/mm was obtained for the BT45 laminate.

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Displacement rate effects on mixed-mode I/II delamination of laminated carbon/epoxy composites

Cited by 8 publications

References 43 publications

Lightweight Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite for Automotive Bumper Applications: A Review

Lightweight Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite for Automotive Bumper Applications: A Review

Fiber bridging mechanism in moisture‐induced mode I delamination in carbon/epoxy composites: Finite element analysis and experimental investigation

Experimental and Numerical Research of Delamination Process in CFRP Laminates with Bending-Twisting Elastic Couplings

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