Disruption of the Microsomal glutathione S-transferase-like gene reduces life span of Drosophila melanogaster

Toba, Gakuta; Aigaki, Toshiro

doi:10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00246-8

Cited by 82 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Consistently, no hallmarks of L1-mediated retroposition exist in the flanking regions of these two retrocopies (Supplemental Table 7). In contrast, the relatively older retrocopies, CG12324 and CR12628, are not flanked by LTR retrotransposons and are instead associated with candidate poly(A) tails and/ or TSDs (Toba and Aigaki 2000) suggesting a non-LTR-mediated retroposition. The final retrocopy (CG40354) is ambiguous because it harbors a 2-bp microsimilarity and a 3 ′ truncation (121 bp) but also candidate TSDs (Supplemental Fig.…”

Section: Ltr Retrotransposons Mediate Retroposition Across Animalsmentioning

confidence: 93%

LTR-mediated retroposition as a mechanism of RNA-based duplication in metazoans

et al. 2016

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In a broad range of taxa, genes can duplicate through an RNA intermediate in a process mediated by retrotransposons (retroposition). In mammals, L1 retrotransposons drive retroposition, but the elements responsible for retroposition in other animals have yet to be identified. Here, we examined young retrocopies from various animals that still retain the sequence features indicative of the underlying retroposition mechanism. In Drosophila melanogaster, we identified and de novo assembled 15 polymorphic retrocopies and found that all retroposed loci are chimeras of internal retrocopies flanked by discontinuous LTR retrotransposons. At the fusion points between the mRNAs and the LTR retrotransposons, we identified shared short similar sequences that suggest the involvement of microsimilarity-dependent template switches. By expanding our approach to mosquito, zebrafish, chicken, and mammals, we identified in all these species recently originated retrocopies with a similar chimeric structure and shared microsimilarities at the fusion points. We also identified several retrocopies that combine the sequences of two or more parental genes, demonstrating LTR-retroposition as a novel mechanism of exon shuffling. Finally, we found that LTR-mediated retrocopies are immediately cotranscribed with their flanking LTR retrotransposons. Transcriptional profiling coupled with sequence analyses revealed that the sense-strand transcription of the retrocopies often lead to the origination of in-frame proteins relative to the parental genes. Overall, our data show that LTR-mediated retroposition is highly conserved across a wide range of animal taxa; combined with previous work from plants and yeast, it represents an ancient and ongoing mechanism continuously shaping gene content evolution in eukaryotes.

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Section: Ltr Retrotransposons Mediate Retroposition Across Animalsmentioning

confidence: 93%

LTR-mediated retroposition as a mechanism of RNA-based duplication in metazoans

et al. 2016

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“…melanogaster GSTs as reference set: Glutathione S-transferases encoded in the D. melanogaster genome are divided into two nonhomologous families: the microsomal GSTs for which there are three genes (Toba and Aigaki 2000) and the canonical GSTs that are cytosolic (36 genes). We limit our study here to the cytosolic GSTs so that we could combine molecular evolutionary analyses with protein structure analyses using known structures of cytosolic GSTs.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Evolution of Glutathione S-Transferases in the Genus Drosophila

et al. 2007

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As classical phase II detoxification enzymes, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) have been implicated in insecticide resistance and may have evolved in response to toxins in the niche-defining feeding substrates of Drosophila species. We have annotated the GST genes of the 12 Drosophila species with recently sequenced genomes and analyzed their molecular evolution. Gene copy number variation is attributable mainly to unequal crossing-over events in the large d and e clusters. Within these gene clusters there are also GST genes with slowly diverging orthologs. This implies that they have their own unique functions or have spatial/temporal expression patterns that impose significant selective constraints. Searches for positively selected sites within the GSTs identified G171K in GSTD1, a protein that has previously been shown to be capable of metabolizing the insecticide DDT. We find that the same radical substitution (G171K) in the substrate-binding domain has occurred at least three times in the Drosophila radiation. Homology-modeling places site 171 distant from the active site but adjacent to an alternative DDT-binding site. We propose that the parallel evolution observed at this site is an adaptive response to an environmental toxin and that sequencing of historical alleles suggests that this toxin was not a synthetic insecticide.

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“…Interestingly though, only mitochondrial GSTA1 was suppressed by IGF-1 administration. The GSTs represent a family of major cellular detoxification enzymes that utilize large amounts of glutathione (Cheng et al 2001;Hayes et al 2005;Toba and Aigaki 2000). The level of GST expression represents an important factor in determining the sensitivity of organisms to endogenous and exogenous compounds and has been shown to decline with aging (Cho et al 2003;Richie et al 1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of insulin-like growth factor 1 on glutathione S-transferases and thioredoxin in growth hormone receptor knockout mice

Rojanathammanee

Rakoczy

Kopchick

et al. 2014

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Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) have been shown to affect processes involved in cellular stress defense, aging, and longevity. This study was designed to identify possible mechanisms of a disrupted GH signaling pathway on stress resistance using growth hormone receptor knockout (GHRKO) mice. GHRKO mice are GH resistant due to the targeted disruption of the GH receptor/ binding protein gene, thus preventing GH from binding and exerting its downstream effects. These mice have very low circulating IGF-1 levels and high GH levels, are obese yet insulin sensitive, and live longer than their wild-type controls. Wild-type or GHRKO mice were treated with saline or IGF-1 (WT saline, GHRKO saline, GHRKO IGF-1) two times daily for 7 days. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities, proteins, and gene expression were determined. Liver mitochondrial GSTA1, GSTA3, and GSTZ1 proteins were significantly higher in GHRKO when compared to those of WT mice. The 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) GST activity was upregulated in GHRKO mice and was suppressed after IGF-1 administration. Interestingly, thioredoxin (Trx)1, Trx2, thioredoxin reductase (TrxR)1, and TrxR2 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were significantly higher in the GHRKO as compared to WT mice, and IGF-1 treatment suppressed the expression of each. We also found that glutaredoxin (Grx)2 mRNA and cytosolic Grx activity were higher in GHRKO mice. These results suggest that the detoxification and stress response mechanisms in GHRKO mice are contributed in part by the circulating level of IGF-1.

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Disruption of the Microsomal glutathione S-transferase-like gene reduces life span of Drosophila melanogaster

Cited by 82 publications

References 36 publications

LTR-mediated retroposition as a mechanism of RNA-based duplication in metazoans

LTR-mediated retroposition as a mechanism of RNA-based duplication in metazoans

Molecular Evolution of Glutathione S-Transferases in the Genus Drosophila

Effects of insulin-like growth factor 1 on glutathione S-transferases and thioredoxin in growth hormone receptor knockout mice

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