Dissecting the offshore wind and mariculture multi-use discourse: a new approach using targeted SWOT analysis

Schupp, Maximilian Felix; Krause, Gesche; Onyango, Vincent; Buck, Bela H.

doi:10.1007/s40152-021-00218-1

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Flotation could also be incorporated with these larger cultivation components. Costsharing with other offshore ocean users, such as wind energy producers (Buck et al, 2010;Schupp et al, 2021) could reduce fixed permitting and siting costs, which made up 5% of the LCOC. Techniques used to calculate the dynamic loads on farm "c" and any future design iterations, including the calculations of the velocity reduction through the farm, represent an area of uncertainty, especially since the cap-ex associated with the 40 anchors is substantial.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying baseline costs and cataloging potential optimization strategies for kelp aquaculture carbon dioxide removal

Coleman

Dewhurst²,

Fredriksson

et al. 2022

Front. Mar. Sci.

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To keep global surface warming below 1.5°C by 2100, the portfolio of cost-effective CDR technologies must expand. To evaluate the potential of macroalgae CDR, we developed a kelp aquaculture bio-techno-economic model in which large quantities of kelp would be farmed at an offshore site, transported to a deep water “sink site”, and then deposited below the sequestration horizon (1,000 m). We estimated the costs and associated emissions of nursery production, permitting, farm construction, ocean cultivation, biomass transport, and Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) for a 1,000 acre (405 ha) “baseline” project located in the Gulf of Maine, USA. The baseline kelp CDR model applies current systems of kelp cultivation to deep water (100 m) exposed sites using best available modeling methods. We calculated the levelized unit costs of CO2eq sequestration (LCOC; $ tCO2eq-1). Under baseline assumptions, LCOC was $17,048 tCO2eq-1. Despite annually sequestering 628 tCO2eq within kelp biomass at the sink site, the project was only able to net 244 C credits (tCO2eq) each year, a true sequestration “additionality” rate (AR) of 39% (i.e., the ratio of net C credits produced to gross C sequestered within kelp biomass). As a result of optimizing 18 key parameters for which we identified a range within the literature, LCOC fell to $1,257 tCO2eq-1 and AR increased to 91%, demonstrating that substantial cost reductions could be achieved through process improvement and decarbonization of production supply chains. Kelp CDR may be limited by high production costs and energy intensive operations, as well as MRV uncertainty. To resolve these challenges, R&D must (1) de-risk farm designs that maximize lease space, (2) automate the seeding and harvest processes, (3) leverage selective breeding to increase yields, (4) assess the cost-benefit of gametophyte nursery culture as both a platform for selective breeding and driver of operating cost reductions, (5) decarbonize equipment supply chains, energy usage, and ocean cultivation by sourcing electricity from renewables and employing low GHG impact materials with long lifespans, and (6) develop low-cost and accurate MRV techniques for ocean-based CDR.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying baseline costs and cataloging potential optimization strategies for kelp aquaculture carbon dioxide removal

Coleman

Dewhurst²,

Fredriksson

et al. 2022

Front. Mar. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Flotation could also be incorporated with these larger cultivation components. Cost-sharing with other offshore ocean users, such as wind energy producers (Buck et al, 2010;Schupp et al, 2021) could reduce fixed permitting and siting costs, which make up 5% of the LCOC. Techniques used to calculate the dynamic loads on farm "c" and any future design iterations, including the calculations of the velocity reduction through the farm, represent an area of uncertainty, especially since the cap-ex associated with the 40 anchors is substantial.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying baseline costs and cataloging potential optimization strategies for kelp aquaculture carbon dioxide removal

Coleman¹,

Dewhurst²,

Fredriksson³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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To keep global surface warming below 1.5 °C by 2100, the portfolio of cost-effective CDR technologies must expand. To evaluate the potential of macroalgae CDR, we developed a kelp aquaculture bio-techno-economic model in which large quantities of kelp would be farmed at an offshore site, transported to a deep water "sink site", and then deposited below the sequestration horizon (1,000 m). We estimated the costs and associated emissions of land-based nursery production, permitting, farm construction, ocean cultivation, biomass transport, and C Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) for a 1,000 acre (405 ha) "baseline" project located in the Gulf of Maine, USA. The baseline kelp CDR model applies current systems of kelp cultivation in a realistic way to deep water (100 m) exposed sites using best available modeling methods. We calculated the levelized unit costs of CO2eq sequestration (LCOC; $ tCO2eq-1). Under baseline assumptions, LCOC was $17,048 tCO2eq-1. Despite annually sequestering 628 tCO2eq within kelp biomass at the sink site, the project was only able to net 244 C credits (tCO2eq) each year, a true sequestration "additionality" rate (AR) of 39% (i.e., the ratio of net C credits produced to gross C sequestered within kelp biomass). As a result of optimizing 18 key parameters for which we identified a range within the literature, LCOC fell to $1,257 tCO2eq-1 and AR increased to 91%, demonstrating that substantial cost reductions could be achieved through process improvement and decarbonization of production supply chains. Kelp CDR may be limited by high production costs and energy intensive operations, as well as CDR MRV uncertainty. To resolve these challenges, R&D must (1) de-risk farm designs that maximize lease space, (2) automate the seeding and harvest process, (3) leverage selective breeding to increase C yield, (4) assess the cost-benefit of gametophyte nursery culture as both a platform for selective breeding and driver of operating cost reductions, (5) decarbonize equipment supply chains, energy usage, and ocean cultivation by sourcing electricity from renewables and employing low GHG impact materials with long lifespans, and (6) develop low-cost and accurate ocean CDR MRV techniques.

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“…The potential for co-location depends on the spatial compatibility of the uses and the environmental suitability of the area for the respective activities [29,91]. However, to realize the co-location potential requires not only technological readiness, but also societal interest, societal and political willingness, and an adequate regulatory framework [89,92,93].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To have synergetic co-existence between these two sectors, the benefits for both sides must be clear [89]. For the wind farm operators, the benefits may include offsetting of environmental impacts and a societal licence to operate [89,93]. However, it may also be necessary to create specific incentives for the larger sectors, such as offshore wind, to engage in co-location activities [97].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Considerations of Use-Use Interactions between Macroalgae Cultivation and Other Maritime Sectors: An Eastern Baltic MSP Case Study

et al. 2021

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With the blue economic sectors growing, marine macroalgae cultivation plays an important role in securing food and energy supplies, as well as better water quality in sustainable ways, whether alone or as part of a cluster solution to mitigate the effects of fish farming. While macroalgae cultivation exists in Europe, it is not that widely distributed yet; with increasing marine activities at sea, Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) needs to ensure social recognition as well as social and spatial representation for such a new marine activity. This comparative case study analysis of MSPs of three eastern Baltic Sea countries explores the levels of support for the development of macroalgae cultivation in MSP and the degree of co-location options for this new and increasingly important sector. It presents new analytical ways of incorporating co-location considerations into the concept of social sustainability. The results of this study support the harmonisation of views on co-location, propose ways of using space to benefit multiple users as well as marine ecosystems, and highlight some of the key social challenges and enablers for this sector.

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Dissecting the offshore wind and mariculture multi-use discourse: a new approach using targeted SWOT analysis

Cited by 6 publications

References 47 publications

Quantifying baseline costs and cataloging potential optimization strategies for kelp aquaculture carbon dioxide removal

Quantifying baseline costs and cataloging potential optimization strategies for kelp aquaculture carbon dioxide removal

Quantifying baseline costs and cataloging potential optimization strategies for kelp aquaculture carbon dioxide removal

Considerations of Use-Use Interactions between Macroalgae Cultivation and Other Maritime Sectors: An Eastern Baltic MSP Case Study

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