“… where r , v , and f represent the coordinate vector, velocity, and resultant forces of the beads, respectively. F C , F D , F R , and f S represent the conservative repulsive forces (repulsive forces), dissipation forces, random forces, and spring forces of the beads, respectively . Conservative forces (repulsive forces) is usually expressed as follows: Unit vector ( ) and interaction parameter between beads i and j ( a ij ) are defined as Equations and , respectively …”