Dissociation processes and crystal growth of gadolinium gallium garnet

Study on shaped single crystal growth and scintillating properties of Bi‐doped rare‐earth garnets

“…The <111> Y 3 Al 5 O 12 crystal was used as a seed. The growth atmosphere was mixture of Ar + O 2 (2%) to suppress the gallium oxides dissociation and evaporation [9].…”

Preparation and characterization of Nd doped gadolinium gallium garnet nanopowders and crystals

“…It was reported that the defects of GGG crystals depend on melt stoichiometry, crystal growth atmosphere as well as solidliquid interface shape [3]. Brandle et al [4] was the first who considered influence of oxygen on the GGG growth and the later thermodynamic calculations confirmed that 1% oxygen is the optimum content in the Czochralski growth atmosphere [1]. However higher oxygen's concentration 3-5 vol % also were applied [5,6].…”

“…The evaporation of gallium oxide from GGG and reaction with crucible material (iridium) at high temperatures complicates the process of crystallization and various defects are observed [1][2][3]. It was reported that the defects of GGG crystals depend on melt stoichiometry, crystal growth atmosphere as well as solidliquid interface shape [3].…”

Application of predominance diagrams in melt growth of oxides

“…Moreover, oxygen released during the reaction attacks the crucible wall and contributes to the formation of iridium precipitations in the crystal. This unwanted reaction is usually suppressed by adding small amounts of oxygen, approximately 2 vol%, to the growth atmosphere [4,5]. However, to completely eliminate the iridium particles a careful control not only of the oxygen partial pressure but also of the thermal geometry of the setup is essential [2].…”