“…The feature extraction stages generally utilize the vector space model (Salton et al, 1975) that makes use of the bag-of-words approach (Joachims, 1997). Finally, the feature selection stage typically uses the filter method such as document frequency (Azam and Yao, 2012;Yang and Pedersen, 1997), mutual information (Tang et al, 2019;Al-Angari et al, 2016;Liu et al, 2009), information gain (Mendez et al, 2019;Lee and Lee, 2006), chi-square (Asdaghi and Soleimani, 2019;Chen and Chen, 2011) and Odds Ratio (Raza and Qamar, 2016;Feng et al, 2015).…”