Distensible superficial venous orbital malformations involving the lower eyelid in two horses

Abstract

Thorough preoperative planning with Doppler ultrasonography, contrast angiography, and blood gas analysis is recommended when attempting surgical correction of these malformations in horses. Surgical ligation can result in a successful cosmetic and functional outcome.

Use of an intravenous sclerosing foam (3% sodium tetradecyl sulfate) for treatment of orbital varix in a dog

“…The latter two terms refer to a lack of extension of the malformation posterior to the equator of the globe, or involving posterior extension, respectively . To our knowledge, orbital vascular malformations are uncommonly documented in veterinary literature, with previous reports describing orbital varices in four dogs, an iguana, and two horses . Based on the human classification scheme, the lesion identified in the dog in the present report represents a distensible, superficial venous orbital varix.…”

“…Previously described methods in human medicine include surgical excision, embolization with microcoils or silastic liquid, CO 2 laser ablation, and percutaneous alcohol sclerotherapy . Treatment of the reported veterinary orbital varices included coil embolization in a dog, enucleation in an iguana, and vessel ligation in a horse . Spontaneous thrombosis was suspected in an additional canine case following ocular trauma …”

Time‐of‐flight magnetic resonance angiography (TOF‐MRA) of the normal equine head

“…An illustration of an arterial aneurysm in a horse secondary to a guttural pouch mycosis is shown in Figure 6, demonstrating the direct clinical application of this angiographic technique. Orbital vascular malformations have been previously described in horses but conventional angiography failed to show contrast within the malformation [15,30]. Instead, MRA helped by multiplanar reconstructions, allows visualisation of the complex distribution of small arteries and veins in this location.…”

Polidocanol monotherapy for a superficial orbital venous malformation in a horse

“…Mixed forms are present as well 1 . Orbital venous malformations are rare and have been described in a few species, including humans, 1 horses, 2 dogs, 3–6 and an iguana 7 . Orbital venous malformations are congenital or less commonly a heritable condition 2–4,8 …”

“…Currently, there is no recommended first line of treatment for orbital venous malformations in veterinary patients. Previously published treatments include conservative management, 4 surgical ligation, 2 enucleation, 7 coil embolization, 5 and sclerotherapy in combination with coil embolization 3 . Surgical ligation or resection is the most invasive option short of enucleation, with complications including the inability to identify ill‐defined borders of the venous malformation, necrosis or loss of function to affected tissue, and risk of hemorrhage during operation 2,8,9 .…”