“…As pain is a complex sensory experience involving cognitive, affective, and interoceptive control that is dependent on individual pain history and memory, it is important for these systems to interact in order to create awareness of, and reactions to, pain in an individualized way ( Melzack and Katz, 2013 ). Research in the field continually provides evidence of this multi-sensory and cognitive integration leading to the unique experience of pain ( Becerra et al, 2001 ; Bornhovd et al, 2002 ; Villemure and Bushnell, 2002 ; Godinho et al, 2006 ; Leknes and Tracey, 2008 ; Porreca and Navratilova, 2017 ; Moayedi et al, 2018 ; Thompson and Neugebauer, 2019 ; Yuan et al, 2019 ; Ioachim et al, 2020 ; Tu et al, 2020 ; Stroman et al, 2021 ; Warren et al, 2021 ) ng been implicated in the experience of pain, and complex communication between these regions is just beginning to be investigated in humans. Future studies may focus on expanding these intricate network analyses to include the higher limbic regions such as the amygdala, and other cortical regions including sensory, frontal/executive, and memory areas.…”