a b s t r a c tHypergolic ignition by the head-on collision of a smaller N,N,N ,N −tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) droplet and a larger white fuming nitric acid (WFNA) droplet was experimentally investigated by using a droplet collision experimental apparatus equipped with a time-resolved shadowgraph, a photodetector and an infrared detector. The investigation was focused on understanding the influence of droplet collision and mixing, which vary with the collisional Weber number ( We = 20 −220) and the droplet size ratio ( = 1.2 −2.9) while have a fixed Ohnesorge number (Oh = 2.5 ×10 −3 ), on the hypergolic ignitability and the ignition delay times. The hypergolic ignition was found to critically rely on the heat release from of the liquid-phase reaction of TMEDA and nitric acid, which is subsequent to and enhanced by the effective mixing of the droplets of proper size ratios. Consequently, the ignitability regime nomogram in the We-space shows that the hypergolic ignition favors small s and large We s; the ignition delay times tend to decrease with either decreasing , or increasing We , or both. A non-monotonic variation of the ignition delay times with We was observed and attributed to the non-monotonic emergence of jet-like mixing patterns that enhance the droplet mixing and hence the liquid-phase reaction.

Highlights A new option therapy for COVID-19. Arteminsinin-Piperaquine, as the fourth-generation artemisinin-based combination therapy, have a therapeutic effect on COVID-19. Arteminsinin-Piperaquine treatment can significantly shorten the time to reach undetectable SARS-CoV-2.

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Background The brain’s dynamic spontaneous neural activity and dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) are both important in supporting cognition, but how these two types of brain dynamics evolve and co-evolve in subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate recurrent and concurrent patterns of two types of dynamic brain states correlated with cognitive decline. Methods The present study analyzed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 62 SCD patients, 75 MCI patients, and 70 healthy controls (HCs). We used the sliding-window and clustering method to identify two types of recurrent brain states from both dFC and dynamic regional spontaneous activity, as measured by dynamic fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (dfALFF). Then, the occurrence frequency of a dFC or dfALFF state and the co-occurrence frequency of a pair of dFC and dfALFF states among all time points are extracted for each participant to describe their dynamics brain patterns. Results We identified a few recurrent states of dfALFF and dFC and further ascertained the co-occurrent patterns of these two types of dynamic brain states (i.e., dfALFF and dFC states). Importantly, the occurrence frequency of a default-mode network (DMN)-dominated dFC state was significantly different between HCs and SCD patients, and the co-occurrence frequencies of a DMN-dominated dFC state and a DMN-dominated dfALFF state were also significantly different between SCD and MCI patients. These two dynamic features were both significantly positively correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination scores. Conclusion Our findings revealed novel fMRI-based neural signatures of cognitive decline from recurrent and concurrent patterns of dfALFF and dFC, providing strong evidence supporting SCD as the transition phase between normal aging and MCI. This finding holds potential to differentiate SCD patients from HCs via both dFC and dfALFF as objective neuroimaging biomarkers, which may aid in the early diagnosis and intervention of Alzheimer’s disease.

Rabies, caused by rabies virus (RABV), remains a serious threat to public health in most countries worldwide. At present, the administration of rabies vaccines has been the most effective strategy to control rabies. Herein, we evaluate the effect of colloidal manganese salt (Mn jelly, MnJ) as an adjuvant of rabies vaccine in mice, cats, and dogs. The results showed that MnJ promoted type I interferon (IFN-I) and cytokine production in vitro and the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro and in vivo . Besides, MnJ serving as an adjuvant for rabies vaccines could significantly facilitate the generation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, germinal center (GC) B cells, plasma cells (PCs), and RABV-specific antibody-secreting-cells (ASCs), consequently improved the immunogenicity of rabies vaccines and provide better protection against virulent RABV challenge. Similarly, MnJ enhanced the humoral immune response in cats and dogs as well. Collectively, our results suggest that MnJ can facilitate the maturation of DCs during rabies vaccination, which can be a promising adjuvant candidate for rabies vaccines. IMPORTANCE Extending humoral immune response by using adjuvants is an important strategy for vaccine development. In this study, a novel adjuvant MnJ supplemented in rabies vaccines was evaluated in mice, cats, and dogs. Our results in the mouse model revealed that MnJ increased the numbers of mature DCs, Tfh cells, GC B cells, PCs, and RABV-specific ASCs, resulting in enhanced immunogenicity and protection rate of rabies vaccines. We further found MnJ had the same stimulative effect in cats and dogs. Our study provides the first evidence that MnJ serving as a novel adjuvant of rabies vaccines can boost immune response both in a mouse and pet model.