Distinct maternal amino acids and oxylipins predict infant fat mass and fat-free mass indices

Human Milk Macronutrients and Child Growth and Body Composition in the First Two Years: A Systematic Review

“…(2021) [ 35 ], who used an online growth analyzer. Of studies reporting body composition, 5 studies used X-ray technology such as DEXA [ 9 , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] ], and 3 studies used air-displacement technology such as PEAPOD [ 35 , 40 , 41 ]. Other technologies to determine body composition included bioimpedance (37) and magnetic resonance imaging [ 33 ].…”

“…Five studies examined the association between essential amino acids and infant growth, with 3 studies assessing free amino acids [ 41 , 58 , 59 ], 1 examining both free and total amino acids [ 60 ], and 1 conducting untargeted metabolomics [ 38 ]. Two studies used ion-exchange chromatography [ 41 , 58 ], whereas Saben et al. (2022) [ 59 ] and van Sadelhoff (2021) [ 60 ] used liquid chromatography to analyze amino acids.…”

“…Inclusion criteria were studies reporting on healthy, term, breastfed infants (aged 0 to 24 mo). Whereas breastfeeding exclusivity was not an inclusion criterion, it was recorded when reported by authors ( Table 1 ) [ [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [47] , [48] , [49] , [50] , [51] , [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] , [59] , [60] , [61] , [62] , [63] , [64] , [65] , [66] , [67] , [68] , [69] , [70] , [71] , [72] , [73] , [74] , [75] , [76] , [77] , [78] , [79] , [80] , [81] , [82] , [83] , [84] , [85] , [86] , [87] , [88] , [89] ] and considered in the quality assessment (described below). Healthy was defined as term birth (37 wk, 0 d of gestation or later) with no congenital or other morbidities and no admission in the neonatal intensive care unit.…”

“… United Kingdom, 2019 (HIC) [ 53 ] Longitudinal (subset of cohort) 619 infants 4–8 wk fat, fatty acids (butyrate, formate, acetate), protein, lactose (concentrations) Mixed Feeding 3, 12, 24 mo weight, length, BMI body composition (skinfold thickness) 3 mo timepoint (-) Association for formate and BMI (-) Association for acetate and skinfold thickness 1 y timepoint (-) Association for fat and BMI (-) Association for butyrate and BMI (-) Association for formate and BMI (+) Association for lactose and BMI (-) Association for fat and skinfold thickness (-) Association for butyrate and skinfold thickness (+) Association for lactose and skinfold thickness Difference for 3 mo and 1 y (-) Association for fat and weight increase (-) Association for butyrate and weight increase (+) Association for lactose and weight increase (-) Association for fat and BMI increase (-) Association for butyrate and BMI increase (+) Association for lactose and BMI increase (-) Association for fat and skinfold thickness increase (+) Association for lactose and skinfold thickness increase 2 y timepoint (-) Association for formate and weight (-) Association for formate and BMI (-) Association for formate and skinfold thickness (-) Association for acetate and skinfold thickness Difference for 1 and 2 y (+) Association for butyrate and weight increase (+) Association for butyrate and BMI increase (+) Association for butyrate and skinfold thickness increase infant sex, birthweight, gestational age; exclusive BF, duration of sample storage Riederer et al. 2020 Austria (HIC) [ 41 ] Cross-Sectional 54 infants (47 analyzed) 6–8 wk amino acids, onylipins (concentrations) Exclusive BF only 14–16 wk length. weight, body composition (FM, FFM), FMI< FFMI, BMI using air-displacement plethysmography {PEAPOD VR, COSMED, Rome, Italy]) (WHO standards) (No) Associations reported for HM AA and anthropometry (+) Association for HM oxylipins 11-HETE and 13-HDHA together and FMI (-) Association for HM oxylipin 17-HDHA and FFMI BMIZ, gestational weight gain, exclusive BF Rudolph et al.…”

Free threonine in human breast milk is related to infant intestinal microbiota composition

“…The general study outline was described previously (Riederer et al 2020 ). For this topic of the explorative study, a total of 45 lactating mothers were analyzed when their infants were aged between 6 and 8 weeks of life (out of 54 enrolled; in 9 samples AA were not determined in breast milk).…”