Distinct types of landslides in moraines associated with the post-LIA glacier thinning: Observations from the Kinzl Glacier, Huascarán, Peru

Emmer, Adam; Klimeš, Jan; Hölbling, Daniel; Abad, Lorena; Draebing, Daniel; Skalák, Petr; Štěpánek, Petr; Zahradníček, Pavel

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139997

Cited by 22 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Often plants reach the glacier surface by landslides from vegetated lateral moraines and/or adjacent bordering mountain slopes [76], setting up a patchier, "allochthonous" vegetation type [44]. Plant colonization via this pathway is particularly common on the tropical Kinzl Glacier in the Cordillera Blanca of the Peruvian Andes, where most of the plants growing on the debris-covered glacier surface, including small tree individuals of Polylepis sericea (Figure 1d), are derived from landslides originating from Little Ice Age (LIA) moraines after substantial post-LIA downwasting of the debriscovered glacier surface [105]. Once established, even those plant species that reached the supraglacial debris via long distance dispersal now propagate on the glacier surface and persist through a cycle of a slow downward migration via glacier flow and upward dispersal of diaspores by valley winds without the necessity of further stochastic long distance dispersal events.…”

Section: Source Areas and Dispersal Pathways Of Plants Colonizing Dcgsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vegetation Ecology of Debris-Covered Glaciers (DCGs)—Site Conditions, Vegetation Patterns and Implications for DCGs Serving as Quaternary Cold- and Warm-Stage Plant Refugia

Fickert¹,

Friend

Molnia

et al. 2022

Diversity

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Scientific interest in debris-covered glaciers (DCGs) significantly increased during the last two decades, primarily from an abiotic perspective, but also regarding their distinctive ecology. An increasing body of evidence shows that, given a minimum of debris thickness and sufficient substrate stability, DCGs host surprisingly diverse plant assemblages, both floristically and structurally, despite being obviously cold and in parts also highly mobile habitats. As a function of site conditions, floristic composition and vegetation structure, DCGs represent a mosaic of environments, including subnival pioneer communities, glacier foreland early- to late-successional stages, morainal locations, and locally, even forest sites. On shallow supraglacial debris layers, cryophilous alpine/subnival taxa can grow considerably below their common elevational niche due to the cooler temperatures within the root horizon caused by the underlying ice. In contrast, a greater debris thickness allows even thermophilous plant species of lower elevations to grow on glacier surfaces. Employing the principle of uniformitarianism, DCGs are assumed to have been important and previously undocumented refugia for plants during repeated Quaternary cold and warm cycles. This review and recent study summarize the current knowledge on the vegetation ecology of DCGs and evaluates their potential function as plant habitat under ongoing climate warming.

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Section: Source Areas and Dispersal Pathways Of Plants Colonizing Dcgsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vegetation Ecology of Debris-Covered Glaciers (DCGs)—Site Conditions, Vegetation Patterns and Implications for DCGs Serving as Quaternary Cold- and Warm-Stage Plant Refugia

Fickert¹,

Friend

Molnia

et al. 2022

Diversity

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“…A list of empirical equations used to estimate V , t b , and Q p (for detailed description of these equations see Supplement Table S1). -Monopolis (1984); Costa (1985); Bureau of Reclamation (1988); Von Thun and Gillette (1990); Froehlich (1995); Wahl (2004) Peak discharge: Q p Kirkpatrick (1977); Price et al (1977); Soil Conservation Service (1981); Bureau of Reclamation (1982); Hagen (1982); MacDonald and Langridge-Monopolis (1984); Singh and Snorrason (1984); Costa (1985); Evans (1986); Popov (1991); Froehlich (1995); Wahl (2004) Apart from the initial landslide, other model inputs are the same for both scenarios: the terrain is represented by the reconstructed DEM (Sects. 3.2 and 4.2), and so are the other input rasters: an initial landslide volume of 1.2 million cubic meters is released from the location shown in Fig.…”

Section: Process Chain Simulation With Ravaflowmentioning

confidence: 99%

The 2020 glacial lake outburst flood at Jinwuco, Tibet: causes, impacts, and implications for hazard and risk assessment

Zheng¹,

Mergili²,

Emmer³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Abstract. We analyze and reconstruct a recent Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) process chain on 26 June 2020, involving the moraine-dammed proglacial lake Jinwuco (30.356° N, 93.631° E) in eastern Nyainqentanglha, Tibet, China. Satellite images reveal that from 1965 to 2020, the surface area of Jinwuco has expanded by 0.2 km2 (+56 %) to 0.56 km2, and subsequently decreased to 0.26 km2 (‒54 %) after the GLOF. Estimates based on topographic reconstruction and sets of published empirical relationships indicate that the GLOF had a volume of 10 million m3, an average breach time of 0.62 hours, and an average peak discharge of 5,390 m3/s at the dam. Based on pre- and post-event high-resolution satellite scenes, we identified a large progressive debris landslide originating from western lateral moraine, having occurred 5–17 days before the GLOF. This landslide was most likely triggered by extremely heavy, south Asian monsoon-associated rainfall in June. The time lag between the landslide and the GLOF suggests that pre-weakening of the dam due to landslide-induced outflow pushed the system towards a tipping point, that was finally exceeded following subsequent rainfall, snowmelt, a secondary landslide, or calving of ice into the lake. We back-calculate part of the GLOF process chain, using the GIS-based open source numerical simulation tool r.avaflow. Two scenarios are considered, assuming a debris landslide-induced impact wave with overtopping and resulting retrogressive erosion of the moraine dam (Scenario A), and retrogressive erosion due to pre-weakening of the dam without a major impact wave (Scenario B). Both scenarios yield plausible results which are in line with empirically derived ranges of peak discharge and breach time. The breaching process is characterized by a slower onset and a resulting delay in Scenario B, compared to Scenario A. Evidence, however, points towards Scenario B as a more realistic possibility. There were no casualties from this GLOF but it caused severe destruction of infrastructure (e.g. roads and bridges) and property losses in downstream areas. Given the clear role of continued glacial retreat in destabilizing the adjacent lateral moraine slopes, and directly enabling the landslide to deposit into the expanding lake body, the GLOF process chain under Scenario B can be robustly attributable to anthropogenic climate change, while downstream consequences have been enhanced by the development of infrastructure on exposed flood plains. Such process chains could become more frequent under a warmer and wetter future climate, calling for comprehensive and forward-looking risk reduction planning.

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“…Los flujos y conos de detritos y las grietas de tensión en la ladera de los valles son indicadores de su inestabilidad, pero mayormente reflejan procesos de erosión y sedimentación prolongados en el tiempo. Este es un fenómeno común descrito en zonas afectadas por la acción glaciar, por ejemplo, en la zona del glaciar Aletsch en Suiza (Kos et al, 2016), en las tierras altas de Escocia (Jarman, 2006) o en el glaciar Kinzl, Huascarán, Cordillera Blanca, Perú (Emmer et al, 2019), entre otros. La ocurrencia del deslizamiento Agassiz es un claro ejemplo de esta situación.…”

Section: Estabilidad Actual De La Ladera Afectada Por El Deslizamiento Agassizunclassified

Caracterización y reconstrucción del deslizamiento Agassiz mediante el uso de datos geoespaciales. Patagonia Austral, Argentina

Moragues

Lenzano

Rivera

et al. 2021

andgeo

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La glaciación y deglaciación modifican las tensiones de las laderas afectadas por estos procesos y pueden desencadenar su inestabilidad y deslizamientos. En el presente estudio se describe, caracteriza y reconstruye un deslizamiento rotacional de suelo y material morrénico de gran magnitud, ocurrido el 10 de febrero de 2013 sobre la ladera oeste del canal Upsala, Brazo Norte del lago Argentino, en la Patagonia Austral. Con este fin, se realizó un análisis cualitativo del estado de la ladera en épocas anteriores y posteriores a la fecha de ocurrencia del deslizamiento, se analizaron los posibles factores condicionantes y desencadenantes de la remoción en masa, y las consecuencias destructivas del tsunami relacionado que afectó las márgenes del lago. Para la reconstrucción del estado de las laderas antes y después del evento, se utilizaron técnicas de fotointerpretación de imágenes satelitales ópticas, modelos digitales de elevación, fotografías históricas, observaciones in situ, datos batimétricos y relatos del personal de guardaparques del Parque Nacional Los Glaciares. El retroceso del glaciar Upsala ha ocasionado la relajación de

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Distinct types of landslides in moraines associated with the post-LIA glacier thinning: Observations from the Kinzl Glacier, Huascarán, Peru

Cited by 22 publications

References 58 publications

Vegetation Ecology of Debris-Covered Glaciers (DCGs)—Site Conditions, Vegetation Patterns and Implications for DCGs Serving as Quaternary Cold- and Warm-Stage Plant Refugia

Vegetation Ecology of Debris-Covered Glaciers (DCGs)—Site Conditions, Vegetation Patterns and Implications for DCGs Serving as Quaternary Cold- and Warm-Stage Plant Refugia

The 2020 glacial lake outburst flood at Jinwuco, Tibet: causes, impacts, and implications for hazard and risk assessment

Caracterización y reconstrucción del deslizamiento Agassiz mediante el uso de datos geoespaciales. Patagonia Austral, Argentina

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