Distinctive Features of Rural Environments: A Frame of Reference for Mental Health Practice

Coward, Raymond T.; DeWeaver, Kevin L.; Schmidt, Frederick E.; Jackson, Robert

doi:10.1080/00207411.1983.11448933

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…It is likely that some of these social characteristics are still present and influential in rural Appalachia, where women are often viewed differently. Rural environments are noted for unique attitudes, beliefs, social isolation 26 , and poverty 27 . More specifically, women in rural Appalachia are often expected to follow traditional gender stereotypes 25,28 (i.e., staying at home with children) and may be treated more as objects, rather than active participants in society 29 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining gender differences in substance use and age of first use among rural Appalachian drug users in Kentucky

Shannon¹,

Havens²,

Oser³

et al. 2010

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

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Background/Objective Past research suggests gender differences exist in types of substances used and age of first use. Recent studies exploring contextual differences in substance use between rural Appalachian and urban environments show different patterns of substance use in rural environments. This study explores whether previously established differences in gender and age of first use exist within a rural Appalachian environment. Methods Data are from a community-based study of drug users in rural Appalachia (N=400). Self-reported substance use was recorded via an interviewer-administered questionnaire with questions from the Addiction Severity Index. Results On average, participants were 32 years old (X̄ = 32.33; median = 31.00; IQR = 12) and the majority were male (59%). Examining past 30 day use, more males reported alcohol (AOR: 2.11, 95% CI: 1.36, 3.23; p = .001) and any illegal drug use (AOR: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.16, 2.95; p=.010) which included heroin, cocaine, crack cocaine, methamphetamine, marijuana, and hallucinogens, after controlling for socio-demographic characteristics. ANCOVA analyses showed that males reported use of alcohol (p=.000), marijuana (p=.007), and hallucinogens (p=.009) at a significantly younger age than females. Conclusion/Scientific Significance Findings suggest more men report use of alcohol and “street” drugs including: heroin, crack cocaine, methamphetamine, marijuana, and hallucinogens. Further, males report the use of alcohol, marijuana, and hallucinogens at a significantly younger age. Understanding gender differences in substance use as well as other differences among individuals living in rural, Appalachia presents important opportunities to incorporate this knowledge into substance abuse early intervention, prevention and treatment efforts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining gender differences in substance use and age of first use among rural Appalachian drug users in Kentucky

Shannon¹,

Havens²,

Oser³

et al. 2010

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

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show abstract

“…A number of studies, however, demonstrate that problems in personal adjustment, psychological distress, alcoholism, illicit drug use and suicide are not appreciably less in rural areas (Coward et al, 1983;DeLeon et al, 1989;Furman & Selbyg, 1982;Wagenfeld, 1990). In a study on stress levels in a rural community, high levels of overall stress were found for both women and men.…”

Section: Rural Communities As Havens From Stressmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…This is true in studies of the general population as well as for health care professionals such as rural nurses Preston et al, 1991). Such attitudes may be related to greater social and political conservatism in rural communities (Coward et al, 1983;Melton, 1983;Willits et al, 1982). The greater stigma of HIV/AIDS in rural communities can make HIV/AIDS programme implementation more dif cult and can constrain the types of programmes that are developed.…”

Section: Hiv/aids Knowledge and Attitudesmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Battered women's shelters, rape crisis services, housing, mental health, affordable day care, transportation, drug and alcohol rehabilitation and employment services are essential to reducing women's risk for HIV/AIDS. Because fewer social, health and mental health services exist in rural areas in general (Frenzen, 1992;Graham et al, 1995;Human & Wasem, 1991;Murray & Keller, 1991), women's access to needed services may be restricted and services are more limited in scope than in urban areas (Coward et al, 1983;Frenzen, 1992). For example, HIV prevention is an integral part of effective substance abuse treatment programmes.…”

Section: Issues In Service Deliverymentioning

confidence: 98%

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HIV/AIDS-related services for women and the rural community context

Castaneda

2000

AIDS Care

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Rural communities present a different context for HIV/AIDS than urban communities, particularly for women. Theory, research and care and prevention practices for women in urban contexts are not necessarily easily applied to women in rural communities. This paper identifies several important characteristics of the rural community context and discusses how they may impact the development of HIV/AIDS-related care and prevention services for women. A social ecological perspective, with its emphasis on the relationship between individual-level behaviour and experience and different levels of the social environment, is presented as a useful approach to the study of the HIV/AIDS care and prevention service needs of rural women. Finally, recommendations for research are provided, consistent with a social ecological perspective, that can address the current lack of information regarding rural women's HIV/AIDS care and prevention service needs.

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“…Due to limitations in supervision and professional consultation opportunities (discussed in a later section of this article), paired with high staff turnover rates in rural settings, numerous authors (Boyer, 1987;Brenden & Shank, 1985;Cohen, 1988;Coward, DeWeaver, Schmidt, & Jackson, 1983;Gertz et al, 1975;Ginsberg, 1998;Nooe & Bolitho, 1982) have suggested that rural mental health clinicians must be able to work independently if they wish to succeed. Some authors have referred to this trait under similar terms, such as autonomy (Cohen, 1988;Coward et al, 1983;Munson, 1980;O'Neill & Horner, 1982), selfresponsibility (Nooe & Bolitho, 1982), self-reliance (Munson, 1980), self-determination (Pearson & Sutton, 1999), and self-motivation /direction (Ginsberg, 1976). Other authors have emphasized a need for creativity among rural counselors to cope better with the many ambiguities of this type of work (Murray & Keller, 1986;Pawlak & Zygmond, 1982;Whittington, 1985).…”

Section: Independence Creativity and Flexibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Unique Issues in Rural Couple and Family Counseling

Weigel

Baker

2002

The Family Journal

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During the past several decades, a variety of authors has suggested that rural mental health practice differs significantly from that of urban practice. Several studies have examined rural mental health service delivery issues. Frequently, couple and family counseling issues have not been addressed in these studies. The purpose of this article is to review the available literature regarding rural couple and family counseling, in conjunction with the findings of research in closely related fields. This review is conducted in an effort to identify unique practice issues facing rural couple and family counselors.

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Distinctive Features of Rural Environments: A Frame of Reference for Mental Health Practice

Cited by 21 publications

References 6 publications

Examining gender differences in substance use and age of first use among rural Appalachian drug users in Kentucky

Examining gender differences in substance use and age of first use among rural Appalachian drug users in Kentucky

HIV/AIDS-related services for women and the rural community context

Unique Issues in Rural Couple and Family Counseling

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