Distinctive Lipid Composition of the Copepod <i>Limnocalanus macrurus</i> with a High Abundance of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Hiltunen, Minna; Strandberg, Ursula; Keinänen, Markku; Taipale, Sami J.; Kankaala, Paula

doi:10.1007/s11745-014-3933-4

Cited by 20 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Out of all fatty acids, 16:0, 18:1(n-9), 18:2(n-6), EPA and DHA were the most abundant, together accounting approximately 56-61% of all fatty acids in June-September. In large part, our findings are in line with that of Hiltunen et al [21] who studied the fatty acid composition of L. macrurus in the Bothnian Sea in August. Similar to our study, Hiltunen et al [21] reported high proportions of these fatty acids, especially EPA and DHA.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…In large part, our findings are in line with that of Hiltunen et al [21] who studied the fatty acid composition of L. macrurus in the Bothnian Sea in August. Similar to our study, Hiltunen et al [21] reported high proportions of these fatty acids, especially EPA and DHA. Conversely, in the arctic Laptev and Kara Seas, much lower proportions of PUFAs have been reported [22,23] and were probably caused by high reliance on diatoms [21].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…In L. macrurus, oil sac length has been used for the determination of the lipid content by Vanderploeg et al [8] in Lake Michigan, and by Dahlgren et al [6] in the Bothnian Bay. The quality of lipids in L. macrurus is poorly known, as the studies are few and they have mainly focused on populations that live in lakes [21] or in Arctic coastal waters [22,23]. In the Baltic Sea, the only study investigating the fatty acids of L. macrurus gives no information about their seasonal variation but indicates some differences from the lake populations of the same latitude [21].…”

Section: Open Accessmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fatty acid composition and lipid content in the copepod Limnocalanus macrurus during summer in the southern Bothnian Sea

et al. 2017

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The lipid reserves and occurrence of the cold-stenothermic, omnivorous copepod Limnocalanus macrurus were studied in the Bothnian Sea (northern Baltic Sea) during spring and summer 2013-2014 with a special emphasis on the fatty acid composition of adults and their potential food. The individual total wax ester (WE) content, determined from the size of oil sacs in the prosoma, ranged on average from 1.3 to 2.6 µg, and showed a decreasing trend towards September. Lipids were dominated by fatty acids 16:0, 18:1(n-9), 18:2(n-6), 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-6), forming 56-61% of total fatty acids in June-September. Decreasing abundance of adults and reduction of the lipid storage implied that during summer adults suffered from starvation and, as a result, became eliminated from the population. The lipid content and dietary fatty acid markers suggested that in May, adult L. macrurus utilized the phytoplankton bloom, consisting mainly of diatoms and dinoflagellates, but later, during July-September, consumed either algae or heterotrophic organisms sinking from upper water layers or crustaceans inhabiting the same deeper water layers as L. macrurus. In the face of the climate change, the rising temperatures may force L. macrurus permanently to deeper water levels. If also the food resources are limited, we conclude that the summer season may act as a bottleneck limiting the propagation of L. macrurus and having implications further along the food web.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Open Accessmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fatty acid composition and lipid content in the copepod Limnocalanus macrurus during summer in the southern Bothnian Sea

et al. 2017

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“…Our previous research (Hiltunen, Strandberg, Keinänen, Taipale, & Kankaala, 2014;Hiltunen et al, 2015) shows that these fatty acids are generally only found in L. macrurus, and not in other zooplankton taxa or seston. Our previous research (Hiltunen, Strandberg, Keinänen, Taipale, & Kankaala, 2014;Hiltunen et al, 2015) shows that these fatty acids are generally only found in L. macrurus, and not in other zooplankton taxa or seston.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Population structure, life cycle, and trophic niche of the glacial relict amphipod, Gammaracanthus lacustris, in a large boreal lake

et al. 2019

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Ecology of the glacial relict macrocrustacean Gammaracanthus lacustris, a rare inhabitant of deep Fennoscandian lakes, is poorly understood. We studied the life cycle and trophic position of this cold‐stenothermic amphipod in Lake Paasivesi, eastern Finland. The study is based on intensive sampling and analyses of fatty acid composition as well as stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope ratios. Both day and night, the G. lacustris population occurred at depths below 25 m at temperatures <8°C, and the density increased towards the bottom of the lake, where it was 0.4–0.6 individuals/m3. Gammaracanthus lacustris was observed to reach a length of >40 mm and live up to 4 years. The oldest and the largest individuals and females seemed to favour the deepest zones. In October, almost 100% of females with length at least 25 mm (i.e. females presumably at least 1‐year‐old) had an embryo sack with 20–200 eggs or embryos—the larger the female, the more young it had. The developing eggs of G. lacustris had a very high fatty acid content, indicating that the females invest heavily on provisioning their young. Furthermore, the fatty acid composition differed among life stages, and in particular the eggs had a higher proportion of eicosapentaenoic acid than juveniles or adults. The stable δ13C and δ15N isotope ratios and fatty acid biomarkers of the food web, together with visual observations, indicate that G. lacustris is a carnivore that feeds mainly on zooplankton and other relict macrocrustaceans. Due to its high content of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, G. lacustris is a valuable prey for fish and other predators in the food web. However, as a glacial relict with strict habitat requirements the species is vulnerable to global warming and local environmental changes. These facts should be considered in the management of lakes and their catchments.

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“…Consequently, the microbial loop can improve the quality of the C transfer pathway despite the loss of energy due to the upgrade of PUFA. For example, cladocerans are generalist filter-feeders (although they exhibit some selectivity, particularly regarding particle size; DeMott, 1982), with larger EPA contents (Hiltunen, Strandberg, Keinänen, Taipale, & Kankaala, 2014;Persson & Vrede, 2006) and faster growth and reproduction rates than copepods. For example, cladocerans are generalist filter-feeders (although they exhibit some selectivity, particularly regarding particle size; DeMott, 1982), with larger EPA contents (Hiltunen, Strandberg, Keinänen, Taipale, & Kankaala, 2014;Persson & Vrede, 2006) and faster growth and reproduction rates than copepods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Browning reduces the availability—but not the transfer—of essential fatty acids in temperate lakes

et al. 2019

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Atmospheric changes are leading to the browning of northern lakes (i.e. increases in catchment‐derived dissolved organic matter [DOM]), consequently altering phytoplankton biomass and community composition. We hypothesised that lake browning and the concurrent increase in nutrients drive a shift towards greater cyanobacteria biomass. We further hypothesised that, as a consequence of this shift in phytoplankton, the content of ω‐3 (n‐3) essential fatty acids (EFA) in seston would decline, affecting the subsequent transfer of EFA to consumers across the plant–animal interface in pelagic regions of lakes. We tested these hypotheses in the epilimnion of 30 temperate lakes in Ontario (Canada), representing a gradient of lake browning, with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) ranging from 2 to 10 mg/L and total phosphorus ranging from 6.0 to 48.5 μg/L. In each of these lakes, the concentration and composition of DOM, the biomass of phytoplankton and cyanobacteria, and the EFA content of seston, cladocerans, and copepods were measured. An increase in aromatic DOM was associated with increased phytoplankton and cyanobacteria biomass. Due to the lower content of the EFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n‐3) in cyanobacteria, this increase in phytoplankton biomass was associated with a decline in EPA and DHA content in lake seston. However, there was no significant change in EFA content of cladocerans and copepods. This homeostatic (diet‐independent) EFA composition in zooplankton suggested that, as the phytoplankton community shifted towards more cyanobacteria with lower EFA content, the cladocerans and copepods may have met their nutritional requirements by relying on alternative food sources (e.g. heterotrophic ciliates and flagellates) capable of either trophically upgrading phytoplankton‐produced EPA and DHA, or synthesising EPA and DHA de novo. Results from this study indicate that increasing DOC from low (2 mg DOC/L) to moderate levels (15 mg DOC/L) may increase the importance of the microbial pathway in the trophic transfer of EPA and DHA from basal resources to zooplankton. However, this supplementary transfer of EFA through the microbial food web may not sustain high EPA and DHA levels in zooplankton when lake browning starts to limit primary production (>15 mg DOC/L).

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Distinctive Lipid Composition of the Copepod Limnocalanus macrurus with a High Abundance of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Cited by 20 publications

References 56 publications

Fatty acid composition and lipid content in the copepod Limnocalanus macrurus during summer in the southern Bothnian Sea

Fatty acid composition and lipid content in the copepod Limnocalanus macrurus during summer in the southern Bothnian Sea

Population structure, life cycle, and trophic niche of the glacial relict amphipod, Gammaracanthus lacustris, in a large boreal lake

Browning reduces the availability—but not the transfer—of essential fatty acids in temperate lakes

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