“…The second approach is tunnel scanning, which involves drawing the indoor layout plan based on a tunnel scan image taken by a tunnel scanner (Amberg Technologies, 2015;Keisokukensa Co. Ltd., 2015;Spacetec, 2015). The third approach is image mosaicking, which involves warping and mosaicking the photographs of tunnel lining, taken using hand-held cameras, into a layout panorama (Chaiyasarn et al, 2009(Chaiyasarn et al, , 2015Lee et al, 2013;Zhu et al, 2014). Both tunnel scanning and image mosaicking can provide a layout panorama; thus, digital image processing and computer vision-based technology (Nishikawa et al, 2012;Stent et al, 2013;Zalama et al, 2014;Yeum and Dyke, 2015) can be used to subsequently identify the anomalies and changes.…”