Distribuição espacial da mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares no Estado do Paraná, Brasil: 1989-1991 e 2006-2008

Abstract

This ecological study aimed to describe the spatial distribution of cardiovascular mortality in Paraná State, Brazil (1989-1991

Hospitalizations for Ambulatory Care Sensitive Noncommunicable Diseases of the Circulatory System

“…Comparison between men and women shows that men are more vulnerable to diseases, especially severe and chronic diseases, dying earlier than women. Such a context has been verified by some researchers, 15 who report that the magnitude of mortality caused by CD, in the state of Paraná, was greater among men. Many diseases are avoidable through primary preventive measures but, despite men's greater vulnerability and high rates of mortality and morbidity, they do not usually seek PHC services.…”

Estudo comparativo de mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares em São Caetano do Sul (SP), Brasil, no período de 1980 a 2010

“…Ishitani et al 24 and Godoy et al 5 showed a negative association between CVD mortality in Brazil and the socioeconomic situation (income, years of schooling and housing), in particular schooling. On the other hand, Muller et al 6 found no relationship between unfavorable socioeconomic conditions and CVD mortality in the state of Paraná, possibly due to the heterogeneous socioeconomic profile of each macro-region. In Rio de Janeiro, we found an inverse linear relationship between mortality due to cerebrovascular disease and the HDI.…”

“…According to Lima Costa et al 1 , between 1996 and 2000, cerebrovascular and ischemic heart diseases showed the sharpest drops in the cause of mortality in Brazil, in particular among women 6,8 . Mathias et al 13 also found a proportional decrease in mortality due to CVD and ischemic heart disease, despite an increase in the incidence of hypertension.…”

“…Although some studies show a decrease in CVD deaths 1,[3][4][5][6][7][8]11,[19][20][21] , possibly due to accelerated economic development, bringing with it better living conditions and less exposure to infections during the perinatal period 4 , such deaths may present themselves in a non-homogeneous manner within the population groups of a given country, as mentioned by Frank et al 22 . Reinforcing these findings, Mansur et al 19 found an increase in the risk of death due to these diseases in the less developed states of the country, which agrees with the study by Farias et al 23 , which suggests that despite a decrease in recent years, these deaths may show different patterns in the different socioeconomic groups.…”

“…The nation has gone from high levels of infant mortality and a predominance of infectious and parasitic diseases, to higher mortality rates among those more advanced in age due to chronic, non-transmissible diseases and external causes 2 . In the last 60 years of the 20 th century, mortality due to all causes in Brazil dropped due to public health measures and preventive medicine techniques that, added to economic development, resulted in lower infant mortality and longer life-expectancy [3][4][5][6][7] .…”