“…Numerous multi-agent coordination and cooperation problems have been the subject of considerable attention from researchers over the past several years: aggregation, consensus, formation, social foraging, synchronization, containment, distributed averaging/optimization, etc. [11,[18][19][20]22,29,34,39,40]. In this paper, we are primarily concerned with the formation problem, which regards the situation where a desired geometric shape in space is assumed and maintained by a team of agents.…”