Distributed Fiber Optical Sensing of Oxygen with Optical  Time Domain Reflectometry

Eich, Susanne; Schmälzlin, Elmar; Löhmannsröben, Hans‐Gerd

doi:10.3390/s130607170

Cited by 19 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The polarization of the electrodes and measurement of the variation of the output parameter is dependent on the sensing approaches, which could be potentiometric, voltametric, conductimetric, or amperometric. A filter, between the membrane and the environment gases, can be used to limit contact with unwanted gases, improving accuracy and sensitivity on these devices [31,90,92,[115][116][117]. The representation of an amperometric electrochemical gas sensor is shown in Figure 2.…”

Section: Electrochemicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) is a common technique used in optical networks, and had been studied to sense chemicals, using the reflected light signal as a measurement parameter. The signal is attenuated and scattered by the optical fiber, depending on the length and specifications of the fiber; part of the scattered signal returns to the source, being able to measure the level of the signal and compare with the expected returning signal in normal operational conditions, with the absence of the target gas [116].…”

Section: Opticmentioning

confidence: 99%

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IoT-Enabled Gas Sensors: Technologies, Applications, and Opportunities

Gomes

Rodrigues

Rabêlo

et al. 2019

JSAN

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Ambient gas detection and measurement had become essential in diverse fields and applications, from preventing accidents, avoiding equipment malfunction, to air pollution warnings and granting the correct gas mixture to patients in hospitals. Gas leakage can reach large proportions, affecting entire neighborhoods or even cities, causing enormous environmental impacts. This paper elaborates on a deep review of the state of the art on gas-sensing technologies, analyzing the opportunities and main characteristics of the transducers, as well as towards their integration through the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. This should ease the information collecting and sharing processes, granting better experiences to users, and avoiding major losses and expenses. The most promising wireless-based solutions for ambient gas monitoring are analyzed and discussed, open research topics are identified, and lessons learned are shared to conclude the study.Technologies to sense gases and wireless communications support are elaborated in Sections 5 and 6, respectively. The most promising solutions in terms of sensing methods and IoT-enabled solutions are discussed in Section 7 and open research topics are identified. Lessons learned are shared at Section 8 and, finally, Section 9 concludes the study. Background on Environmental GasesSome gases are the key to ensure the functionality of systems and entire industries, as well as the presence of other gases being a problem in other fields, causing the loss of entire production lines, as in the food industry, or even cause the loss of lives and explosions. In this section, the most important gases in terms of pollution monitoring and control, health issues, and accident prevention are listed with their main characteristics.Oxygen (O 2 ) is the most important gas for life, and is crucial in numerous fields. Patients under anesthesia, or recovering from surgery and from certain diseases need controlled O 2 doses to keep them alive and fully recovered. The decrease of oxygen levels in enclosed spaces can be related with other gases leakage, which would lead people inside these spaces to asphyxiate, leading to an unconscious state, or even to death [29]. Numerous industrial processes rely on the correct concentration of this gas to achieve the best results, mainly chemical and combustion, which without the correct percentages will not grant the best performance of systems. Engine control systems depend on the correct mixture to achieve the expected performances, whether it is lower fuel consumption or power and speed [29][30][31][32].Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is a colorless, odorless gas, generated by the oxidation and combustion of hydrocarbon, as well as by living beings in the respiration process. It is a key gas for the greenhouse effect, and the increase of its levels, in the presence of other gases, is related with atmospheric pollution. It is also the key gas on the oxygen production by the photosynthesis process. The accumulation of this gas in enclosed spaces can be responsible to s...

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Section: Electrochemicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Opticmentioning

confidence: 99%

IoT-Enabled Gas Sensors: Technologies, Applications, and Opportunities

Gomes

Rodrigues

Rabêlo

et al. 2019

JSAN

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“…This weakness is due to it measurement principle which consumes the oxygen of analyte in an electrochemical reaction resulting in corrosion of the electrodes use in the sensor [1]. Optical dissolved oxygen sensors overcomes the drawback in Clark electrode system such as having higher sensitivity, faster response, doesn't consume oxygen, lightweight, immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and environmentally rugged [2][3][4][5][6]. Optical oxygen sensor operation usually is based on quenching of the luminescence material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The conventional method for DO detection is through Clark electrode method [1][2]. This detection method is fast, but is not suitable for continuous monitoring over long period of time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance characterization of optical fiber oxygen sensor in gas and aqueos phase

Mahmud

Herman

Noor

et al. 2013

2013 IEEE Student Conference on Research and Developement

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In this work, we evaluate the performance of dissolved oxygen optical fiber sensor in air and aqueous environment. A polymer optical fiber tip with core diameter 1000μm was coated with tris (4, 7diphenyl-1, 10-phenantroline) ruthenium (II) dichloride, [Ru(dpp) 3 ] 2+ Cl 2 sol-gel solution through dip coating process. A LED source emitting at 460 nm and UV/VIS spectrometer were used as the excitation source and detection of fluorescence emission respectively. The results indicate the performance of dissolved oxygen optical fiber in air and aqueous environment.

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“…Optical fiber sensors are more attractive than conventional electrochemical devices such as Clark electrode method because, they have a fast response, do not consume oxygen and immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI) [1][2][3][4][5]. The sensitive luminescence materials need to be coated on optical fibers to be used as sensors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of catalyst on the fluorescence quenching of [Tris (4, 7-diphenyl-1, 10-phenanthroline) ruthenium (II) dichloride] for dissolved oxygen detection

Mahmud

Herman

Noor

et al. 2013

RSM 2013 IEEE Regional Symposium on Micro and Nanoelectronics

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We present the effect of the catalyst for sol-solution preparation of tris (4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) ruthenium(II) dichloride on the fluorescence quenching behavior. Two types of [Ru(dpp) 3 ] 2+ sol-solution were prepared with two types of catalyst namely acid hydrochloric (HCl) and ammonium hydroxide (NH 4 OH) and each of them was mixed with the dyesolution to form [Ru(dpp) 3 ] 2+ sol-gel solution. A polymer optical fiber tip was then coated by each of the solutions respectively by immersion method. A LED source at 460 nm was used as the excitation source and fluorescence emissions intensity was measured using a UV/VIS spectrometer. The results showed that the fiber optic coated with the solution using NH 4 OH gave higher fluorescence intensity.

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Distributed Fiber Optical Sensing of Oxygen with Optical Time Domain Reflectometry

Cited by 19 publications

References 23 publications

IoT-Enabled Gas Sensors: Technologies, Applications, and Opportunities

IoT-Enabled Gas Sensors: Technologies, Applications, and Opportunities

Performance characterization of optical fiber oxygen sensor in gas and aqueos phase

Effect of catalyst on the fluorescence quenching of [Tris (4, 7-diphenyl-1, 10-phenanthroline) ruthenium (II) dichloride] for dissolved oxygen detection

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