Distributed Generation Control via Ripple Signaling for Establishment of Ancillary Services in Distribution Networks

Charging Infrastructure and Grid Integration for Electromobility

“…Central or hierarchical coordination, e.g., through the local DSO, may be an option but require a communication link to the various chargers [180]. While conventional ripple control as historically used for load management or the abovementioned solar curtailment is not directly designed for modern grid services, power-line communication, Ethernet, or cell-phone links might enable coordination of grid services of chargers similar to the IEC 61850 standard as used for the control of substations [181], [182], [183], [184]. Public chargers typically already have Ethernet or cell-phone modems installed for payment and remote monitoring, while residential chargers are usually in the range of wireless internet.…”

Effect of Ripple Control on Induction Motors

“…In many countries [1], operators of distribution systems (DSs) use power lines to transmit communication signals. One possible remote management method of DS operation [2] is based on the superimposition of interharmonics on the voltage waveform [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]components of frequency not being an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency. The novelized version of the standard [12] (2019) calls the injected signals "mains communication voltage" (MCV) and specifies the frequency range as 0.1-100 kHz.…”

“…The novelized version of the standard [12] (2019) calls the injected signals "mains communication voltage" (MCV) and specifies the frequency range as 0.1-100 kHz. In the case of interharmonics with a frequency less than 3 kHz, the method is commonly dubbed "ripple control" (RC) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11].…”

“…The RC signal was originally produced by motor-generator sets, which were later replaced by static frequency converters [9]. The signal is in the form of telegram code [4,9], for example, of duration ~100 s [5] and value 1-5% of the nominal grid voltage [1]. Of note, this percentage can increase because of resonance phenomena in the power system [4,7,8].…”

“…The signal is typically injected into a medium-voltage network and transmitted to a lowvoltage grid via power transformers [6,9,11]. In the low-voltage network, it is used to manage customers' electric meters and various energy receivers [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Furthermore, it can be applied for load peak reduction in the network [6,10].…”