Distributed modeling of extraterrestrial solar radiation over the rugged terrains of Pakistan

Ambreen, Romana; Qiu, Xinfa; Ahmad, Iftikhar

doi:10.1007/s11629-011-2004-z

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Figure 6 shows the spatial distribution of Annual T avg in Pakistan during 1970-2009. The spatial trend analysis for Annual T avg showed most significant trends for the regions in the southern part of the country including Balochistan and Sindh provinces and a moderate to increasing trend remained in the Multan and Bahawalpur regions [42]. The Annual T avg showed lower trends for the central part of the country including the upper part of Punjab and plain areas of Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa province (Bahawalpur, Lahore, Faisalabad, Mianwali, Peshawar, Islamabad and Kotli) because of frequent rainfall during the last few decades [49,50].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Heat waves have been reported for being responsible for alteration in temperature trends in the Mediterranean region, according to Galdies [41]. Another logical reason for increasing temperature was highlighted by Ambreen et al [42] as annual Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation (ESR) reduced from south to north in Pakistan; the coastal areas received the maximum amount of ESR that ranged from 11,865-12,326 Mega joule (MJ/m 2 ) while Balochistan Plateau and northern parts of the lower Indus plain received the second highest ERS that ranged from 11,505 to 11,864 (MJ/m 2 ). The results derived in the present study verified the rising trends in respective meteorological stations in the urban areas of Sindh and Balochistan.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Contemporary Temperature Fluctuation in Urban Areas of Pakistan

Anjum

Tanoli

et al. 2017

Atmosphere

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Annual temperature data from thirty meteorological stations in Pakistan's major urban areas were selected to investigate trends in annual average and maximum temperature during . A combination of parametric and non-parametric tests including linear regression, the Mann-Kendall trend test and Sen's slope estimator was used for the analysis. Annual average and maximum temperature series showed an overall increasing trend for 90% of the stations and a decreasing trend for 10% of the stations in the study area. The highest significant increment of annual average temperature was observed at Gilgit, Hyderabad, Quetta and Lasbela stations at the rate of 0.49 • C per decade. The highest increment of annual maximum temperature was obtained at Chitral, Gilgit, Nawabshah and Quetta at the rate of 0.31 • C per decade. According to simple linear regression and the Mann-Kendall test, the annual average temperature showed a significant increasing trend for 43% of the stations (at a 0.001 level of significance) and 23% of the stations (at the 0.05 level). Annual maximum temperature showed a significant increasing trend for 26% of the stations (at the 0.001 level of significance) and 23% of the stations (at the 0.05 level). In general, the results showed increasing trends for the considered parameters, although annual average temperature showed a higher increasing rate than annual maximum temperature during the study period.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Contemporary Temperature Fluctuation in Urban Areas of Pakistan

Anjum

Tanoli

et al. 2017

Atmosphere

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“…Based on the calculation model of SASR on the sloped surface, we can reconsider the corresponding Equations and build the distributed model (or subparagraph integral mathematical model) to calculate PSD and SASR under terrain relief on Mars. Based on the existing theoretical model of solar radiation on Mars [1,2,9,10,26,27,30,32,[37][38][39] and the Astronomical theory on Mars, combining with the theoretical model of solar radiation on Earth [6,8,11,12,14,15,17,63,64,91,[94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101], the SASR model which is suitable for Mars is proposed. It can be given by the following steps:…”

Section: The Law Of Revolution and Rotation Of Marsmentioning

confidence: 99%

DEM Based Study on Shielded Astronomical Solar Radiation and Possible Sunshine Duration under Terrain Influences on Mars by Using Spectral Methods

Lin

Chen

2021

IJGI

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Solar radiation may be shielded by the terrain relief before reaching the Martian surface, especially over some rugged terrains. Yet, to date, no comprehensive studies on the spatial structure of shielded astronomical solar radiation (SASR) and the possible sunshine duration (PSD) on Mars have been conducted by previous researchers. Previous studies generally ignored the influences of the terrain on the SASR and PSD, which resulted in a corresponding unexplored field on SASR. The purpose of this paper is to study the Martian spatial-temporal structure of SASR and the PSD under terrain influences. In this paper, the theory of Earth’s SASR, the previous Martian SASR model and the theory of planetary science were combined to propose the SASR model that can be applied to Mars. Then, with the spectrum method theory of geography, we defined two new concepts of spectrums to explore the spatial-temporal distribution of SASR and PSD in different Martian landforms. We found SASR and PSD on Mars were significantly influenced by terrain relief and latitude and showed sufficient regularity, which can be concluded as a gradual attenuation with terrain relief and a regularity of latitude anisotropy. The latitude anisotropy feature is a manifestation of the terrain shielding effect. With the latitude varying, SASR and PSD at different temporal scale generally showed different features with those of Earth, which may be attributed to the imbalanced seasons caused by Martian moving orbits and velocity. Compared to PSD, SASR showed more regular variation under terrain relief and was more influenced by the terrain relief which revealed that SASR is more sensitive to terrain relief than PSD. Additionally, the critical area is a quantitative index to reflect the stable spatial structure of SASR and PSD in different landforms and may be viewed as the minimum test region of sample areas. The corresponding result of the experiments herein indicated that either spectrum can effectively depict the spatial-temporal distribution of SASR and PSD on Mars under terrain relief and deepen the understanding of the variation of SASR and PSD influences by terrain. The critical area of either spectrum can be employed to explore and determine the stable spatial structure of SASR and PSD in different landforms. The proposed Martian SASR model and the new spectral method theory shed new light on revealing the spatial-temporal structure of SASR and PSD under terrain influences on Mars.

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“…Few studies have been found on assessment of solar radiation, specifically radiation components over complex terrain in Pakistan, including Ambreen et al (2011), Sultan et al (2014, and Sultan et al (2015). However, no study has been found on the shortwave radiation estimation in the region (Pakistan) particularly complex terrain and the focus study area.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Downward shortwave radiation estimation and spatial assessment on sites over complex terrain applying integrative approach of MTCLIM-XL, interpolation, RS and GIS

Sardar

Raziq

2017

Environ Syst Decis

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Downward shortwave radiation (DSR) is a highly variable solar source on spatiotemporal basis and essential for energy and agriculture systems, while its calculations are helpful in the environment-related studies, climatology, and monitoring fire risk. Statistical methods developed to extrapolate values of climatic variables and radiation could fail to generate reliable findings of DSR over a complex terrain without considering local topographic factors. In the present study, we proposed an integrative approach of MTCLIM-XL extrapolation with remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) to estimate real-time DSR and its spatial potential over surfaces of contrasting elevated sites on a mountainous terrain of Quetta (Pakistan).Based on methodological approach, remote sensing data product of high-resolution DEM (SRTM 30m) was processed to extract topographic data, and meteorological data were obtained from a base site, Subsequently, MTCLIM-XL executed the simulation to calculate the daily-based DSR (W/m 2 ).Spatial distribution of DSR was generated by applying deterministic interpolation with complementing quantification of Hillshade analysis for spatially obstructive surfaces, and resultant spatial hotspot-based potential was assessed on basis of specified threshold level (above 250 W/ m 2 = 2 kW h/m 2 ) over the specified area. We observed usable potential of DSR at target sites and its spatial distribution during the study period of 2015 to April 2016. Using EUMETSAT CMSAF data as a standard, the validation demonstrates agreeable results of low RMSE and high correlation coefficient values for selected sites, except some sites with relatively high elevations and irregular gradients. Analysis of solar zenith angle to evaluate its inverse relation with increment in DSR values shows agreeable high inverse relation, while the negative trend for only some sites features relatively high rugged topography. In conclusion, MTCLIM-XL with RS and GIS integration manifests as a reliable approach for estimation and spatial potential assessment-based exploration of DSR over complex terrain having no ground data, while prospectively it will complement to the environment-related studies on local to mesoscale.

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Distributed modeling of extraterrestrial solar radiation over the rugged terrains of Pakistan

Cited by 13 publications

References 18 publications

Contemporary Temperature Fluctuation in Urban Areas of Pakistan

Contemporary Temperature Fluctuation in Urban Areas of Pakistan

DEM Based Study on Shielded Astronomical Solar Radiation and Possible Sunshine Duration under Terrain Influences on Mars by Using Spectral Methods

Downward shortwave radiation estimation and spatial assessment on sites over complex terrain applying integrative approach of MTCLIM-XL, interpolation, RS and GIS

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