Distributed on-demand MAC scheduling for underwater acoustic networks

Zhu, Yibo; Le, Son; Zheng, Peng; Cui, Jun-Hong

doi:10.1109/glocom.2014.7037579

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Furthermore, we obtain the receiving time of a node as t ri , given by formula. Furthermore, the sending time of this child node is t si , as calculated in formula (16).…”

Section: Mod T: ð12þmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although this method reduces the probability of collision, it consumes a significant amount of energy. While all the contention-based MAC protocols are expected to improve the performance of a network, several works have shown that long propagation delay, narrow bandwidth, and high bit error rate in underwater environments make the contention-based MAC protocol difficult to approximate the optimal performance [16,17]. In contrast, contention-free MAC protocols are more efficient.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A MAC Protocol of Concurrent Scheduling Based on Spatial‐Temporal Uncertainty for Underwater Sensor Networks

Liu

et al. 2021

Journal of Sensors

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Underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) are characterized by large energy consumption, limited power supply, low bit rate, and long propagation delay, as well as spatial-temporal uncertainty, which present both challenges and opportunities for media access control (MAC) protocol design. The time-division transmissions can effectively avoid collisions since different nodes transmit packets at different period of time. Nevertheless, in UWSNs with long propagation delay, in order to avoid collisions, the period of time is subject to be long enough, which results in poor channel utilization and low throughput. In view of the long and different propagation delay between a receiving node and multiple sending nodes in UWSNs, as long as there is no collision at the receiving node, multiple sending nodes can transmit packets simultaneously. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a MAC protocol of concurrent scheduling based on spatial-temporal uncertainty called CSSTU-MAC (concurrent scheduling based on spatial-temporal uncertainty MAC) for UWSNs. The CSSTU-MAC protocol utilizes the characteristics of temporal-spatial uncertainty as well as long propagation delay in UWSNs to achieve concurrent transmission and collision avoidance. Simulation results show that the CSSTU-MAC protocol outperforms the existing MAC protocol with time-division transmissions in terms of average energy consumption and network throughput.

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“…Furthermore, we obtain the receiving time of a node as t ri , given by formula. Furthermore, the sending time of this child node is t si , as calculated in formula (16).…”

Section: Mod T: ð12þmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A MAC Protocol of Concurrent Scheduling Based on Spatial‐Temporal Uncertainty for Underwater Sensor Networks

Liu

et al. 2021

Journal of Sensors

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“…The network density can determine the total number of colors used in the scheduling phase. Each inner node obtains its specific color by receiving the coloring packet, p c , from the CH and it then broadcasts another packet called updating packet, p up , containing its ID, color, neighbors' IDs, and neighbors' colors, to the outer neighboring nodes, those are located outside of the internal cube, but still inside the external cube (lines [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. By receiving p up , the outer nodes are updated about the colors of the neighboring inner nodes.…”

Section: ) Inner Nodes Coloringmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Collision-Free Graph Coloring MAC Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks

et al. 2019

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Employing contention-based medium access control (MAC) protocols in underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) is typically costly. This is due to the unique characteristics of underwater acoustic channels, such as long propagation delay, limited bandwidth, and high bit error rate. As a consequence, the contention-based (handshaking and random access-based) MAC protocols do not perform as efficiently as expected. The collision-free approach is therefore considered to achieve high performance by avoiding the collisions at the MAC layer in order to improve energy efficiency, throughput, and fairness. In this paper, we propose, inspired by the graph coloring techniques, a novel energy-conserving and collision-free reservation-based MAC protocol, called GC-MAC, for UWSNs. GC-MAC employs time-division multiple access (TDMA)-like approach by assigning separate time-slots, colors, to every individual sensor node in every two-hop neighborhood. Sensors with the same colors can thus transmit at the same time with no chance of collision. GC-MAC is also able to address the near-far effect, spatial-temporal uncertainty, and hidden/exposed node problems, without requiring code-division multiple access (CDMA) or power adjustment for collision avoidance. The network coverage and connectivity is then discussed to show the effectiveness of using cubes to cover a 3D underwater environment. Our extensive performance study shows that GC-MAC performs well by avoiding collisions to achieve better throughput and energy-efficiency performance compared with those of contention-based protocols. There is also a significant improvement in terms of packet delivery ratio and fairness among the nodes under different operational conditions. INDEX TERMS Underwater sensor networks (UWSNs), medium access control (MAC), collision-free MAC protocols, graph coloring technique, distributed clustering approach.

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“…The optimal solution is compared to a simpler heuristic where the node whose transmission would be completed last is scheduled first. DOS [27] further extends ST-MAC with an on-demand mechanism to update transmission schedules over a hierarchical topology. The approach is shown to outperform ST-MAC when the latter is re-designed to improve fairness.…”

Section: State-of-the-artmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leveraging the Near–Far Effect for Improved Spatial-Reuse Scheduling in Underwater Acoustic Networks

Diamant

Casari

Campagnaro

et al. 2017

IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun.

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We present a spatial reuse resource allocation scheme for underwater acoustic networks that organizes communications so as to avoid destructive collisions. One prime source of collisions in underwater acoustic networks is the so called near-far effect, where a node located farther from the receiver is jammed by a closer node. While common practice considers such situation as a challenge, in this paper we consider it as a resource, and use it to increase the network throughput of spatial reuse time-division multiple access. Our algorithm serves two types of communications: 1) contention-free and 2) opportunistic. Our objective is to miximize the time slot allocation while guaranteeing a minimum per-node packet transmission rate. The result is an increase in the number of contentionfree packets received, and a decrease in the scheduling delay of opportunistic packets. Numerical results show that, at a slight cost in terms of fairness, our scheduling solutions achieve higher throughput and lower transmission delay than benchmark spatial-reuse scheduling protocols. These results are verified in a field experiment conducted in the Garda Lake, Italy, where we demonstrated our solution using off-the-shelf acoustic modems. To allow the reproducibility of our results, we publish the implementation of our proposed algorithm.

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Distributed on-demand MAC scheduling for underwater acoustic networks

Cited by 10 publications

References 9 publications

A MAC Protocol of Concurrent Scheduling Based on Spatial‐Temporal Uncertainty for Underwater Sensor Networks

A MAC Protocol of Concurrent Scheduling Based on Spatial‐Temporal Uncertainty for Underwater Sensor Networks

A Collision-Free Graph Coloring MAC Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks

Leveraging the Near–Far Effect for Improved Spatial-Reuse Scheduling in Underwater Acoustic Networks

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