Distribution and genetic diversity of Enterovirus G (EV-G) on pig farms in Thailand

Janetanakit, Taveesak; Chaiyawong, Supassama; Charoenkul, Kamonpan; Tangwangvivat, Ratanaporn; Chamsai, Ekkapat; Udom, Kitikhun; Jairak, Waleemas; Amonsin, Alongkorn

doi:10.1186/s12917-021-02988-6

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In contrast, our result revealed that the overall prevalence of EV-G was much higher in diarrheic than in non-diarrheic animals. In addition, the highest prevalence was found in nursery pigs followed by fattening pigs, which was consistent with a study from Thailand ( 27 ). Moreover, several studies have reported that EV-G is prevalent in swine populations, and infection is detected at higher frequencies in younger pigs compared to adults, which might be attributed to acquired immunity ( 23 , 24 , 49 , 50 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Molecular characterization and pathogenicity evaluation of enterovirus G isolated from diarrheic piglets

Ibrahim,

Zhang,

Wang

et al. 2023

Microbiol Spectr

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Four enterovirus G (EV-G) strains were isolated from diarrheic piglets that were negative for common swine enteric viruses. The spherical enterovirus particles of roughly 30-nm diameter were observed under transmission electron microscopy by using plaque-purified enterovirus. The complete genome sequence analysis revealed that each of four enteroviruses contained a papain-like cysteine protease (PLCP) gene between the 2C and 3A junction regions of the viral genome. This insertion encoded a predicted protease similar to the PLCP of porcine torovirus. The phylogenetic analysis based on complete genome with and without PLCP gene revealed that the four isolated EV-G strains were grouped together with global enterovirus G1-PLCP strains, and more closely related to EV-G/PLCP strains previously detected in China, Japan, and Korea (90.3%–92.2% similarities based on nucleotides). The cell susceptibility test demonstrated that the isolated EV-G could infect and replicate in cell lines from various host species. Furthermore, pathogenicity evaluation showed that the isolated EV-Gs induced mild diarrhea, pyrexia, and reduced body weight in infected piglets. The epidemiological investigation revealed a high prevalence of EV-G in swine herds. Together, our findings demonstrate that the isolated EV-G is pathogenic in piglets and may be advantageous in providing more trustworthy data on the evolution and pathological properties of EV-G. IMPORTANCE Enterovirus G is a species of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses associated with several mammalian diseases. The porcine enterovirus strains isolated here were chimeric viruses with the PLCP gene of porcine torovirus, which grouped together with global EV-G1 strains. The isolated EV-G strain could infect various cell types from different species, suggesting its potential cross-species infection risk. Animal experiment showed the pathogenic ability of the isolated EV-G to piglets. Additionally, the EV-Gs were widely distributed in the swine herds. Our findings suggest that EV-G may have evolved a novel mechanism for broad tropism, which has important implications for disease control and prevention.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Molecular characterization and pathogenicity evaluation of enterovirus G isolated from diarrheic piglets

Ibrahim,

Zhang,

Wang

et al. 2023

Microbiol Spectr

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“…Throughout the infection experiment (21 days), a high load of viral nucleic acid in the feces ( Figure 7 A) and small intestine ( Figure 7 B) were detected, indicating that the intestinal tract was an important target organ for viral infection, and the virus had proliferated in the digestive tract and was shed in feces for a long period of time. This might partially explain the high EV-G nucleic acid positive rates in many EV-G epidemiology surveys [ 7 , 20 , 45 ]. The results of the histopathological examination showed that EV-G/YN23/2022 infection could cause severe lesions in the intestinal tissues, including small intestinal epithelial cell necrosis and intestinal villi atrophy ( Figure 6 A).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, most studies on EV-Gs have focused on epidemiological surveys [ 2 , 5 , 7 , 19 , 20 ], and there are only a few reports on the pathogenicity of EV-Gs [ 21 , 22 ]. Generally, EV-G infection is asymptomatic in pigs [ 5 ], but sometimes it can cause mild disease; for example, the prototypes of EV-G1 (AF363453) and EV-G2 (AF363455) caused skin lesions in naturally infected pigs [ 23 ], and the EV-G1 strain CH/17GXQZ/2017 caused flaccid paralysis in an experimental infection of piglets [ 22 ]; however, the mechanisms of their pathogenesis remain unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First Identification and Pathogenicity Evaluation of an EV-G17 Strain Carrying a Torovirus Papain-like Cysteine Protease (PLCP) Gene in China

Zhu

et al. 2023

Viruses

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Enterovirus G (EV-G) is prevalent in pig populations worldwide, and a total of 20 genotypes (G1 to G20) have been confirmed. Recently, recombinant EV-Gs carrying the papain-like cysteine protease (PLCP) gene of porcine torovirus have been isolated or detected, while their pathogenicity is poorly understood. In this study, an EV-G17-PLCP strain, ‘EV-G/YN23/2022’, was isolated from the feces of pigs with diarrhea, and the virus replicated robustly in numerous cell lines. The isolate showed the highest complete genome nucleotide (87.5%) and polyprotein amino acid (96.6%) identity in relation to the G17 strain ‘IShi-Ya4’ (LC549655), and a possible recombination event was detected at the 708 and 3383 positions in the EV-G/YN23/2022 genome. EV-G/YN23/2022 was nonlethal to piglets, but mild diarrhea, transient fever, typical skin lesions, and weight gain deceleration were observed. The virus replicated efficiently in multiple organs, and the pathological lesions were mainly located in the small intestine. All the challenged piglets showed seroconversion for EV-G/YN23/2022 at 6 to 9 days post-inoculation (dpi), and the neutralization antibody peaked at 15 dpi. The mRNA expression levels of IL-6, IL-18, IFN-α, IFN-β, and ISG-15 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were significantly up-regulated during viral infection. This is the first documentation of the isolation and pathogenicity evaluation of the EV-G17-PLCP strain in China. The results may advance our understanding of the evolution characteristics and pathogenesis of EV-G-PLCP.

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“…Sequence alignment showed that the whole genome of CHN-SCMY2021 shared the greatest sequence homology (86.4%) with EVG/Porcine/JPN/Iba26–506/2014/G2 (No.LC316792.1). To date, EV-G contains 20 genotypes (G1-G20), based on the VP1 nucleotide sequence ( Janetanakit et al., 2021 ; Nagata et al., 2020 ). Based on the VP1 gene sequence, phylogenetic analysis showed that CHN-SCMY2021 clustered with other EV-G2 strains ( Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization, phylogenetic analysis, and pathogenicity of a novel genotype 2 porcine Enterovirus G

Xiao

Zhang

et al. 2023

Virus Research

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Distribution and genetic diversity of Enterovirus G (EV-G) on pig farms in Thailand

Cited by 7 publications

References 35 publications

Molecular characterization and pathogenicity evaluation of enterovirus G isolated from diarrheic piglets

Molecular characterization and pathogenicity evaluation of enterovirus G isolated from diarrheic piglets

First Identification and Pathogenicity Evaluation of an EV-G17 Strain Carrying a Torovirus Papain-like Cysteine Protease (PLCP) Gene in China

Characterization, phylogenetic analysis, and pathogenicity of a novel genotype 2 porcine Enterovirus G

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