Distribution, feeding habits and morphology of killer whales Orcinus orca in the Caribbean Sea

Abstract

Killer whales Orcinus orca are found in all oceans of the world, but most of our knowledge on the species comes from studies conducted at higher latitudes. Studies on killer whales in the Caribbean have been scarce. We compiled 176 records of killer whales from the Caribbean, including 95 previously unreported records and 81 records recovered from the literature, consisting of 27 capture or kill records, 4 stranding records and 145 sighting records. Our results indicate that killer whales are widespread in the Caribbean Sea and can be found year‐round in the region. Mean group size was 3.7 animals. A diversity of prey items was recorded, including sea turtles and marine mammals and possibly fish. We cannot exclude ecotype or morphotype‐specific dietary specialization in the Caribbean population. A preliminary morphological analysis of 10 characters in 52 individuals from 21 different groups suggests that Caribbean killer whales do not represent any of the four Antarctic and subantarctic types, type 1 from the northwest Atlantic, or ‘resident’ and ‘transient’ killer whales from the northwest Pacific. Some Caribbean killer whales share a combination of characters typical of type 2 in the North Atlantic, whereas others share those typical of ‘offshore’ killer whales in the northwest Pacific. The significance of this is unclear. Comparison of Caribbean killer whales to previously described morphotypes and ecotypes is hampered by the lack of detailed, quantitative data on variation within other types, as well as by the lack of comparisons of genetic diversity. Our study adds to the growing knowledge of the diversity of killer whales worldwide but underscores that additional research is warranted in the tropics.

Prey of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in Iceland

“…Given our observations of interactions with marine mammals, we cannot exclude the possibility that marine mammal specialist killer whales [15] occur in Icelandic waters. Some of the whales observed off Húsavík attacking a minke whale had narrow and fainter coloured saddle patches, which were similar to those described in other regions (Hawaii [82]; Caribbean [83]; Gulf of Mexico [84]) but unlike most saddle patches in an existing photo-identification catalogue [24]. However, this feature was not shared among all individuals involved in the event suggesting they were not of a single morphotype.…”

Amino acid δ15N differences consistent with killer whale ecotypes in the Arctic and Northwest Atlantic

“…Populations of relatively small (< 6.5 m), piscivorous killer whales have been identified globally, including the ENP offshore ecotype [ 75 ], the Antarctic Type C killer whale [ 15 ], and the North Atlantic Type 1 killer whale [ 20 , 21 ]. Single morphologically similar specimens (~6 m long, with teeth worn to the gums) have also been reported off South Africa [ 76 ] and the Caribbean [ 77 ]. In contrast, three of the four killer whales with lower δ 15 N Glx-Phe and δ 15 N Thr with available length measurements (NWA-SC-1975-1, NWA-CB-1971-1, NWA-CB-1971-2) were larger than their respective sexes of piscivorous types described globally (the fourth, NWA-SC-1975-2, was an adult male aged 23 yr and measuring 610 cm; Table 1 ).…”

Critical Decline of the Eastern Caribbean Sperm Whale Population

“…Predation: While the threat of predation from orcas ( Orcinus orca ) is thought to be higher in the Pacific [ 42 ], recent observations suggest predation occurs in the Gulf of Mexico [ 43 ], around the Caribbean [ 44 ], and off Dominica (S.Gero, unpublished data).…”