Distribution of choline acetyltransferase immunopositive structures in the rat brainstem

Comparative Analysis of the Organization of the Cholinergic System in the Brains of Two Holostean Fishes, the Florida Gar <b><i>Lepisosteus platyrhincus</i></b> and the Bowfin <b><i>Amia calva</i></b>

“…This habenulo-interpeduncular connection has been well established in teleosts [Villani et al, 1994;Yañez and Anadón, 1996]. Morphological and neurochemical asymmetries in the habenula have been described in other groups of vertebrates [Concha and Wilson, 2001], and among anamniotes, asymmetrical cholinergic labeling in the habenula has been reported for representatives of lampreys [Pombal et al, 2001], sturgeons [Adrio et al, 2000] and bichirs , whereas such asymmetry in labeling is not evident in dogfishes , teleosts [Pérez et al, 2000;Mueller et al, 2004), lungfishes [López et al, 2012], amphibians [Marín et al, 1997; and amniotes Houser et al, 1985;Satoh and Fibiger, 1985;Vincent and Reiner, 1987;Maley et al, 1988;Sorenson et al, 1989;Tago et al, 1989;Medina et al, 1993;Powers and Reiner, 1993;Medina and Reiner, 1994;St-Jacques et al, 1996;Ichikawa et al, 1997;Gravett et al, 2009], where the cholinergic cells are equally distributed in both sides of the habenula. Apart from the variability in asymmetrical labeling, the habenular cholinergic cells and their axonal pathways represent one of the most conserved features of the cholinergic system in the brain of vertebrates and support the importance of acetylcholine in this part of the dorsal diencephalic conduction system [Bianco and Wilson, 2009].…”

“…In contrast, lampreys, elasmobranchs, chondrosteans and lungfishes lack tectal cholinergic cells [Adrio et al, 2000;Anadón et al, 2000;Pombal et al, 2001;López et al, 2012]. Variability also exists among tetrapods, as tectal cholinergic cells have been seen in gymnophionan amphibians , in birds [Sorenson et al, 1989;Medina and Reiner, 1994] and in the superior colliculus of some mammals [Vincent and Reiner, 1987;Tago et al, 1989;Motts et al, 2008], whereas ChAT-ir cells are reportedly absent in the optic tectum in anuran and urodele amphibians [Desan et al, 1987;Marín et al, 1997], reptiles [Brauth et al, 1985;Medina et al, 1993;Powers and Reiner, 1993] and most mammalian species Satoh and Fibiger, 1985;Mizukawa et al, 1986;Maley et al, 1988;Gravett et al, 2009]. Together, these data suggest that the presence of cholinergic tectal cells is a variable feature, which has appeared several times during evolution.…”

“…References: lampreys [Pombal et al, 1999[Pombal et al, , 2001; elasmobranches (dogfish) ; bichirs ; chondrosteans (sturgeon) [Adrio et al, 2000]; teleosts [Ekström, 1987;Brantley and Bass, 1988;Molist et al, 1993;Pérez et al, 2000;Clemente et al, 2004;Mueller et al, 2004;Cle mente et al, 2005;Giráldez-Pérez et al, 2009]; lungfishes [López et al, 2012]; amphibians [Marín et al, 1997;González et al, 2002a]; reptiles Brauth et al, 1985;Hoogland and Vermeulen-Van der Zee, 1990;Medina et al, 1993;Powers and Reiner, 1993]; birds [Sorenson et al, 1989;Medina and Reiner, 1994]; mammals [Kimura et al, 1981;Houser et al, 1985;Satoh and Fibiger, 1985;Vincent and Reiner, 1987;Maley et al, 1988;Mufson and Cunningham, 1988;Tago et al, 1989;St-Jacques et al, 1996;Ichikawa et al, 1997;Manger et al, 2002;Varga et al, 2003;Motts et al, 2008;Gravett et al, 2009] …”

“…Numerous shared features have been observed among tetrapods in the organization of the ChAT-immunoreactive (ChAT-ir) cells and fibers, and the comparative analysis of their distribution has contributed to the identification of homologous cell groups across species: amphibians [Marín et al, 1997;; reptiles Brauth et al, 1985;Hoogland and Vermeulenvan der Zee, 1990;Medina et al, 1993;Powers and Reiner, 1993]; birds [Sorenson et al, 1989;Medina and Reiner, 1994]; mammals [Houser et al, 1985;Satoh and Fibiger, 1985;Vincent and Reiner, 1987;Maley et al, 1988;Mufson and Cunningham, 1988;Tago et al, 1989;St-Jacques et al, 1996;Ichikawa et al, 1997;Manger et al, 2002;Varga et al, 2003;Motts et al, 2008;Gravett et al, 2009]. In general, the cholinergic system is formed by groups of neurons and pathways that lead outside of the brain (as motor nerves) and in central circuits formed by neurons distributed in well-defined groups in the forebrain and along the brainstem.…”

The Distribution and Morphological Characteristics of Cholinergic Cells in the Brain of Monotremes as Revealed by ChAT Immunohistochemistry

“…The cholinergic system can be partitioned into seven cell groups, based on location, morphology and connections: cerebral cortical neurons, striatal interneurons, basal forebrain neurons, diencephalic neurons, pontomesencephalic neurons, medullary neurons, and motor neurons of the cranial nerve nuclei and spinal cord. The distribution and morphological characteristic of each of these cholinergic cell groups has been described using choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry in rat, cat, monkey, and human [Palkovits and Jacobowitz, 1974;Kimura et al, 1981;Armstrong et al, 1983;Satoh et al, 1983;Mesulam et al, 1984Mesulam et al, , 1989Satoh and Fibiger, 1985a, b;Sofroniew et al, 1985;Mizukawa et al, 1986;Parnavelas et al, 1986;Jones and Beaudet, 1987;Reiner and Vincent, 1987;Everitt et al, 1988;Shiromani et al, 1988;Tago et al, 1989;Reiner, 1991]. Studies of the distribution and morphological characteristics of the cholinergic cell groups in other mammals and other vertebrates are more limited [teleosts -Ekstrom, 1987;Brantley and Bass, 1988;eelMolist et al, 1993;amphibia -Marin et al, 1997;caiman -Brauth et al, 1985;lizard Gallotia -Medina et al, 1993;lizard Gekko -Hoogland and Vermeulen-VanderZee, 1990;pigeon -Medina and Reiner, 1994].…”