Distribution of Developing and Mature Brugia malayi in Cats at Various Times after a Single Inoculation

Ewert, A.

doi:10.2307/3277862

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…The comparatively low level of 10 krads produced changes but the worms managed to develop into non-fertile adults which caused gross pathological reactions in the lymphatics. 25 krads prevented the development of the larvae beyond the very early fourth stage and they failed to migrate posteriorly into the afferent lymphatic below the popliteal node as do normal worms (Ewert, 1971). No gross pathology was initiated by these worms nor by those irradiated with 45 krads.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…As a part of a study of the relationship between Brugia pahangi and its vertebrate hosts we wished to infect animals with worms irradiated so that they would not develop beyond specific life-cycle stages. As a necessary preliminary to this we observed the effects of cobalt 60 irradiation on the development of B. pahangi in the cat and the migration of irradiated parasites within the lymphatic system (Ewert, 1971).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Studies with Brugia pahangi. 15. Cobalt 60 irradiation of the worm

et al. 1978

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Infective larvae of Brugia pahangi were irradiated at 10, 25 or 45 krads by means of a Cobalt 60 source. In cats, 10 krads caused the worms to be stunted and sterile but allowed them to become 5th stage, migrate posteriorly into the afferent lymphatic, and produce pathology. 25 krads prevented the worms from developing beyond the early fourth stage and from migrating away from the popliteal lymph node. No gross pathological reactions were evident. 45 krads produced the same effects as 25 krads but the longevity of the worms was much reduced.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies with Brugia pahangi. 15. Cobalt 60 irradiation of the worm

et al. 1978

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“…While the L3 are apparently unable to penetrate intact skin, their early migrations require movements through the connective tissues of the skin to lymphatic vessels and, in some cases, the blood vascular system. These events have been demonstrated experimentally by feeding Brugia-infected mosquitoes on cats (14,17) and gerbils (3) and by in vivo studies involving the application of L3 to punctured skin (14). Furthermore, previous studies by Ah et al (1) have clearly shown that L3 can actively and rapidly migrate through a variety of complex tissues following placement on the surface of the gerbil eyeball.…”

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confidence: 92%

Inflammatory Responses to Migrating Brugia pahangi Third-Stage Larvae

et al. 2006

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Despite being central to parasite establishment and subsequent host pathological and immunologic responses, host-parasite interactions during early third-stage filarial larva (L3) migration are poorly understood. These studies aimed to define early tissue migration of Brugia pahangi L3 in the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) and measure host cellular responses during this period. Gerbils were intradermally inoculated in the hind limb with 100 B. pahangi L3, and necropsies were performed at various times. At 3 h, most L3 (96.3%) were recovered from tissues associated with the infection site, with marked L3 migration occurring by 24 h. Larvae were dispersed throughout the lymphatics at 7 days postinfection (dpi), and at 28 dpi, most parasites were recovered from the spermatic cord lymphatics. Parasites were identified histologically at all time points. Inflammatory cells, primarily neutrophils, were frequently observed around larvae in the dermis and muscle near the injection site at 3 h and 24 h. Levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-␣ mRNA peaked at 3 h in all tissues, with IL-6 levels also high in the spleen at 28 dpi. Levels of IL-4 mRNA were elevated in all tissues at 28 dpi. These observations demonstrate that L3 migrate quickly through various tissues and into lymph nodes in a predictable pattern. Migrating L3 induce an early acute inflammatory response that is modulated as parasites establish in the lymphatics. Polarization of the host response towards a dominant Th2-like profile is present at 7 dpi and is well established by 28 dpi in this permissive host.It is generally accepted that third-stage filarial nematode infective larvae (L3) emerge from the mosquito labia during feeding, accumulate in a pool of hemolymph, and enter the host through the wound left by the mosquito vector (13). While the L3 are apparently unable to penetrate intact skin, their early migrations require movements through the connective tissues of the skin to lymphatic vessels and, in some cases, the blood vascular system. These events have been demonstrated experimentally by feeding Brugia-infected mosquitoes on cats (14, 17) and gerbils (3) and by in vivo studies involving the application of L3 to punctured skin (14). Furthermore, previous studies by Ah et al. (1) have clearly shown that L3 can actively and rapidly migrate through a variety of complex tissues following placement on the surface of the gerbil eyeball. The mechanisms utilized by the larvae during this early migratory phase through these various tissues have not been defined.Early migrations of L3 through the tissues of the skin not only are central to the successful establishment of parasites but are also likely to be important in the initial induction of the host response. It is expected that these responses are involved in the elimination or inhibition of incoming L3 during early migrations. The migration of L3 into the skin may also be uniquely involved in defining the nature of subsequent immune responses to parasite antigens. Based on various in ...

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“…The mean recovery rate does not vary much from 50 % ; but slightly higher results of infection were obtained with 400 L3 doses, as shown by multivariate analyses. The reco very rate is already established at day 2 p. i. and remains stable for at least 8 months, contrary to the Brugia models, which show a mortality during the larval and young adult stages (Schacher & Sahyoun, 1967 ;Ewert, 1971 ;Kowalski & Ash, 1975 (Bianco et al, 1983).…”

Section: The Fate Of the Filaria Monanema Martini In Two Rodent Hostsmentioning

confidence: 90%

The fate of the filariaMonanema martiniin two rodent hosts: recovery rate, migration, and localization

Wanji¹,

Cabaret²,

Gantier

et al. 1990

Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp.

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In Meriones unguiculatus, the recovery rate of 80 inoculated larvae was low (about 20 %) and irregular. In the natural host Lemniscomys striatus, the recovery rate was about 50 % with ino culated doses of 30, 80 or 400 L3, but slightly higher for 400 L3. This rate was constant from day 2 to month 8 post infection (p. i.). When 7-9 reinoculations were performed in one year, the reco very rate of the late inoculation was of only 14 %.After subcutaneous inoculations, larvae penetrated into the peri pheric lymphatic vessels from hour 6 p. i. and migrated to the lombar and mesenteric lymphnodes ; this first migratory phase was achieved 5 days p. i. Later, the larvae migrated into the digestive tract lymphatic system. Filarial localization did not depend upon the L3 dose: half were found in the caecum and anterior colon (3 cm) wall, and half were distributed in the posterior colon, mesen tery and small intestine. A small number (3-5 %) of the filariae were found in the pulmonary blood vessels, as a result of acci dental migration by the thoracic canal. A similar phenomenon is known in the lymphatic filariae Brugia spp. in rodents and Conispiculum flavescens in a lizard. Several arguments suggest that the genus Monanema is fundamentally lymphatic.Migrations and life of filariae in the lymphatic system seems to be more usual than it is generally admitted. In onchocerciasis, this may at least partially explain the lymphopathology of the inguinal region. Chez Meriones unguiculatus, le taux de développement des larves inoculées est faible (20 % en moyenne) et irrégulier. Chez l'hôte naturel Lemmniscomys striatus, quelle que soit la dose inoculée (30, 80 ou 400 L3), ce taux avoisine 50 % ; toutefois il est légère ment augmenté pour la dose de 400 L3. Le rendement est stable du 2e jour au 8e mois suivant l'inoculation. Sept à 9 réinocula tions faites sur 1 an abaissent à 14 % le rendement du dernier inoculat. A la suite des inoculations sous-cutanées, les larves pénè trent dans les vaisseaux lymphatiques périphériques dès la 6e heure et migrent vers les lymphocentres lombaires et mésentériques ; cette première phase de migration s'achève en 5 jours. Les larves s'enfon cent par la suite progressivement dans le système lymphatique des parois du tube digestif. La répartition des filaires est stable quelle que soit la dose de L3 : la moitié vit dans la paroi du caecum et des 3 cm antérieurs du côlon ; le reste se répartit entre le côlon postérieur, le mésentère et l'intestin grêle. 3-5 % des filaires sont dans les vaisseaux sanguins pulmonaires, à la suite de remontées accidentelles par le canal thoracique. Un phénomène analogue s'observe avec les filaires lymphatiques, Brugia spp. chez les ron geurs et Conispiculum flavescens chez un lézard. Plusieurs argu ments suggèrent que le genre Monanema est fondamentalement lymphatique. Chez les filaires, les migrations et la vie dans le système lymphatique semblent plus générales qu'il n'est couram ment admis. Elles pourraient, dans l'onchocercose, contribuer à expliquer la lymphopathol...

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Distribution of Developing and Mature Brugia malayi in Cats at Various Times after a Single Inoculation

Cited by 16 publications

References 1 publication

Studies with Brugia pahangi. 15. Cobalt 60 irradiation of the worm

Studies with Brugia pahangi. 15. Cobalt 60 irradiation of the worm

Inflammatory Responses to Migrating Brugia pahangi Third-Stage Larvae

The fate of the filariaMonanema martiniin two rodent hosts: recovery rate, migration, and localization

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