“…However, several recent studies state that HDI has several weaknesses, as it does not include human capital dimension and does not consider other dimensions beyond economic, education and longevity dimensions either. HDI modification is therefore needed to improve the size of human capital by adding dimensions of human capital (Bourgoin, 2014;Amaluddin et al, 2018;Leiwakabessy & Amaluddin, 2020;Windhani et al, 2022). With regard to spatial aspect, neighboring areas will have a pattern of spatial linkages, where the economic performance of a region will affect its neighboring regions (Vidyattama, 2013;Márquez et al, 2019).…”