Distribution of Lengths of the Normal Femur and Tibia in Korean Children from Three to Sixteen Years of Age

Abstract

To develop a standard growth curve of the lower extremity in Korean children from 3 to 16 yr of age, the lengths from a total of 2087 normal long bone segments (582 femurs and 645 tibias in boys, and 417 femurs and 443 tibias in girls) were measured. Children were grouped by years of bone age, which was determined by using the Korean specific bone age standard; TW2-20 method. The growth spurt occurred in girls from eight to eleven years by bone age, and in boys from eleven to thirteen years. The mean tibial length relative to the mean femoral length was 0.78 in boys and 0.79 in girls. The overall growth pattern was similar to that observed in American children in the 1960s. Korean children and adolescents appear to have a different tempo of skeletal maturation during pubertal growth from that of English and American children and adolescents. The Korean standard growth curve and the Korean bone age chart allow determination of the presence of any existent growth abnormalities and prediction of future remaining growth in lower extremities. These normative growth standards can be used for leg-length equalization purposes in children with anisomelia.

Constructing the in vitro culture system of the sika deer (cervus nippon) antler periosteal cell to detect its function on antler regeneration

“…In contrast, pedicles demonstrate relatively constant growth rate. The average growth rate of a pedicle is 0.4 mm/day [26], similar to that of human femur (0.32 mm/day during embryonic development [34] and 0.42 mm/year from three to sixteen years of age [35,36] on average). Along with the fast growth of the antler, the coordinated regeneration of multiple tissue types such as blood vessels, nerves and the covering skin also grow rapidly.…”

A Review of Pediatric Lower Extremity Data for Pedestrian Numerical Modeling: Injury Epidemiology, Anatomy, Anthropometry, Structural, and Mechanical Properties

“…The 50th percentile length data of the femur and tibia were also recorded on a series of 113 subjects (52 girls and 61 boys) [ 15 ]. Tibia and femur lengths of Korean children at the ages of 3 to 16 years were reported in literature as well [ 16 ] ( Table 2 ). Both 50th percentile data, which is calculated as the middle point of a number set, and the average data reported in literature were summarized ( Table 2 ).…”

“…The failure force of bone was also reported from the three-point bending tests of femur and tibia specimens collected from 11 children aged 2.5 to 12 years [ 51 ]. To compare this data with ultimate stress data published in literature, the bending stress was estimated based on the average length of the femur/tibia reported in literature [ 16 ] ( Figure 7 ).…”

Development and Evaluation of a Three-Dimensional-Printed Pediatric Intraosseous Infusion Simulator To Enhance Medical Training

“…The adult skeleton’s height was 1,706 mm, and the tibia was 380 mm long. The anatomy was scaled down to a pediatric size using the following reasoning: according to a study conducted by Ha et al, the mean tibia length of boys is 223.1 mm and girls 228.5 mm at an age of 36 months [ 18 ]. Assuming 230 mm and dividing by 380, this produced a scaling factor of 0.6502; hence, the adult models were scaled by 60%.…”