Distribution of Monoamine-Containing Terminals and Fibers in the Central Nervous System of the Chicken

Ikeda, Hitoshi; Gotoh, Jiro

doi:10.1254/jjp.24.831

Japanese Journal of Pharmacology

1974

DOI: 10.1254/jjp.24.831

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Distribution of Monoamine-Containing Terminals and Fibers in the Central Nervous System of the Chicken

Hitoshi Ikeda

Jiro Gotoh

Abstract: Abstract-In the mesencephalon of the chicken, the two large groups of CA terminals and fibers appeared to correspond to the dorsal and ventral bundles of the CA

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1975

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Cited by 13 publications

References 21 publications

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Time of cell origin and cell death in the avian dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus

Wright

1981

J of Comparative Neurology

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Cessation of cell proliferation and cell death were studied in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus of the chick embryo, hatching, and adult. Most of the cells comprising the nucleus (94%) complete their final DNA synthesis on days 2 and 3 of incubation. There is a caudo-rostral gradient in the cessation of proliferation, with the caudalmost cells withdrawing from the cell cycle slightly in advance of the middle and rostral cells. Cell death in the dorsal motor nucleus results in a 21% loss of cells between days 8 and 12, and 37% loss by hatching. A caudo-rostral gradient was also present with respect to cell death, with more delayed and gradual cell loss occurring in the rostral region. The timing and spatial pattern of cell death may be related to the asynchronous innervation of the several targets of the nucleus.

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Time of cell origin and cell death in the avian dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus

Wright

1981

J of Comparative Neurology

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Immunohistochemical study on the development of serotoninergic neurons in the chick: I. Distribution of cell bodies and fibers in the brain

Sako

Kojima

Okado

1986

J of Comparative Neurology

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The ontogenetic development of the serotoninergic system in the embryonic as well as in posthatching chick brain was studied with an indirect immunohistochemical technique with the aid of a specific antibody to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine). By embryonic day 4, rostral and caudal groups of serotonin-immunoreactive cell populations appeared in the mesencephalon and rostral and caudal rhombencephalon. At this stage, the rostral group had a considerable number of labelled cells that sent axons toward more rostral parts of brain, whereas the caudal group consisted of a small number of scattered serotonin-immunoreactive cells. The number of serotonin-positive cells increased with development, such that by embryonic day 8 almost all the serotoninergic cell groups found in the adult chick were already present. Serotoninergic-positive cells appeared in the paraventricular organ of the diencephalon as early as embryonic day 10. Judging from the cytoarchitectural organization of serotonin-immunoreactive cells, all of the serotoninergic cell groups in the chick brain seemed to be fully developed by embryonic day 16. On embryonic day 4, serotonin-immunoreactive fibers were found to enter into the marginal layer of the mesencephalon. Subsequently, serotonin-positive fibers ascended in the marginal layer of the brainstem up to the levels of the diencephalon and to the telencephalon on embryonic day 6 and 8, respectively. Serotonin-positive fibers, which first began to penetrate into the mantle layer on embryonic day 8, reached to the rostral pole of the telencephalon by embryonic day 10. In general, serotonin fibers were found in almost all brain regions by embryonic day 16. However, "terminal formation" in some nuclei did not seem to begin until the late embryonic or posthatching period. These observations indicate that the initial development of serotoninergic cell groups occurs during the first half of the 20th day of the incubation period of the chick. However, a longer time, ranging from early embryonic to posthatching stages, is necessary for the complete development of the serotoninergic projections.

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Experimental studies on hatching behavior in the chick. IV. Evidence for the role of a noradrenergic mechanism

1978

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In the present experiments we have attempted to determine whether one or more of the biogenic amines are involved in the prehatching and hatching behavior of the chick. Injection of reserpine first induces a depression in ongoing spontaneous motility on day 16 of incubation. Prior to this, reserpine has no apparent effect on embryonic behavior. Reserpine injections on days 17-19 induce a similar behavioral depression that lasts for at least six hours; by 24 hours post-injection the behavior of reserpine-treated embryos is comparable to controls. Injection of reserpine on day 20 (post-pip) delays hatching by about nine hours. Injection of reserpine into the yolk-sac of eggs prior to incubation also delays hatching by eight to nine hours. It is unlikely that the well-known cardiovascular effects of reserpine are involved in the above behavioral results since spinal embryos also exhibit a behavioral depression following reserpine treatment. Biochemical estimation of norepinephrine (NE) in the brain of reserpine-treated embryos suggest that it is release, not depletion, of the catecholamines that is responsible for the behavioral effects. Additional suport for this notion comes from experiments in which 16- or 18-day old embryos were injected with NE, L-dopa or amphetamine. In each case, a behavioral depression similar to that produced by reserpine resulted. Clonidine, a NE agonist induces a depression in certain aspects of embryonic behavior (Types 1 and 2), but also selectively enhances a corrdinated motor pattern (type 3 motility) involved in prehatching behavior (tucking). Clonidine first evokes this behavior pattern one or two days prior to its spontaneous appearance on day 16. After pipping on day 19 or 20 clonidine no longer activates Type 3 behavior, even if injected during the actual hatching process (climax). Since the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent phenoxybenzamine blocks the effect of clonidine on Type 3 tucking behavior, whereas the beta-adrenergic blocker propranolol does not, we suggest that tucking and the attainment of the hatching position are mediated by an alpha-adrenergic mechanism in the brain and/or spinal cord. Furthermore, since clonidine affects the Type 3 behavior associated with tucking, but not the somewhat similar coordinated behavior involved in hatching and emergence from the shell (climax), we propose that this later behavior pattern be given a new name, Type 4 motility.

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Distribution of Monoamine-Containing Terminals and Fibers in the Central Nervous System of the Chicken

Abstract: Abstract-In the mesencephalon of the chicken, the two large groups of CA terminals and fibers appeared to correspond to the dorsal and ventral bundles of the CA

Cited by 13 publications

References 21 publications

Time of cell origin and cell death in the avian dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus

Time of cell origin and cell death in the avian dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus

Immunohistochemical study on the development of serotoninergic neurons in the chick: I. Distribution of cell bodies and fibers in the brain

Experimental studies on hatching behavior in the chick. IV. Evidence for the role of a noradrenergic mechanism

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