Electroencephalographic studies were carried out on chickens to determine the normal electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns from wakefulness to sleep and the effect of anesthesia. Sixteen electrodes were fured to the frontal and parietal bones. EEG was recorded under unstressed condition. I n the excited state, fast waves of 30 to 60 cps and of low amplitude were predominant. In the resting period, these waves shifted to slower ones of 14 to 24 cps, the amplitude remaining low as in the excited state. As the bird fell asleep, three main stages could be distinguished according to the correlation between the EEG patterns and behavioral states. Under ether anesthesia, four stages could be distinguished according to the EEG patterns and the responsiveness to afferent stimuli. By increasing the dose of nernbutal, the correlation between the EEG pattern and the depth of anesthesia was studied.The "spindle burst," or "barbiturate burst," and the "fast wave" shown i n mammals by the injection of barbiturates were not observed in the chicken.

A large number of papers has revealed the existence of catecholamines (CA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the central nervous system of mammals (1-5). These amines were extensively distributed in the brain, especially in the subcortical areas. Moreover, many investigators have made considerable contributions to studies on the distribution of CA and 5-HT in the central nervous system of vertebrates phylogenically below Mammal (6-13). Of them, Brodie, Bogdanski and Bonomi (7) reported the ratio of 5-HT to CA in the brain of all vertebrate classes. This ratio is about 1: 1 in the rat, whereas it is 2 or more in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Significant interplay of these monoamines concerning functions of the central nervous system might be conclusive, even though definite evidences have been awaiting.
Scandinavian group (14-16) has developed histo-chemical method for the detection of monoamines by using the emission of fluorescence from CA and 5-HT. This method made it possible to observe the cellular localization of monoamines not only in the peripheral organs but also in the central nervous system. In the central nervous system of mammals (mainly in rats), the distribution of CA and 5-HT in different nerve cells and in a variety of nerve terminals and fibers have been demonstrated (17-21). On the other hand, such in vestigations in the brain of vertebrates phylogenically below Mammal have been carried out only in the limited animal species and the limited region of the brain. As far as we know, there were such reports with regard to the upper brain stem of the pigeon (22), the median eminence of the chicken (23, 24), and the brain of fish (25). Therefore, the present study was undertaken to establish the topographical distribution of monoamine-containing cells in the central nervous system of the chicken and to observe their responses to various drugs interfering with the monoamine metabolism. The distribution of monoamine-containing terminals and fibers in the central nervous system of the chicken will be described in the coming paper. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiments were carried out by using 71 male White Leghorn chickens 2 days to 15 weeks of age, weighing from 30 to 1500 g. Of them, 43 animals had been treated with drugs shown in Table 1. The solutions were prepared as described by Dahlstronl and Fuxe (17)

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Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a severe complication arising from controlled stimulation treatment. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has recently emerged as an important factor which may be responsible for the hyperpermeability seen in OHSS. The purpose of the present study was to investigate and compare the mechanisms by which ascites in patients with OHSS and ovarian carcinoma induce increases in vascular permeability in an in vitro assay and an in vivo animal experiment. We found 8-fold lower VEGF levels in ascites from patients with OHSS than in those from patients with ovarian carcinoma. Although VEGF is produced by the ovaries, it is not necessarily the factor responsible for hyperpermeability. We also demonstrated that the vascular hyperpermeability produced by OHSS ascites was not abolished by specific neutralizing anti-VEGF antibodies, and that not all of the VEGF found in the ascites fluid is biologically active. Moreover, our results strongly suggest that the vascular permeability produced by OHSS ascites may depend on activation of the kallikrein-kinin system. Possible evidence for this phenomenon was obtained by demonstrating that the hyperpermeability caused by the ascites could be blocked by Trasylol (known to inhibit bradykinin synthesis) and potentiated by captopril (a kininase II inhibitor). Taken together, the results suggest that, although VEGF is found in ascites fluid from patients with OHSS, it is unlikely that the cause of OHSS involves VEGF production by the ovaries. The kallikrein-kinin system may be more important in the hyperpermeability seen in OHSS.

Summary Spontaneous EEG activities of the hyperstriatum accessorium, archistriatum, paleostriatum augmentatum and primitivum, dorsal and ventral hippocampus, area entorhinalis, area paraentorhinalis, and optic tectum were recorded simultaneously in unanaesthetized chickens during sleep and wakefulness and subjected to frequency analyses. The results obtained are as follows.