Electroencephalogram of the chicken recorded from the skull under various conditions

Ookawa, Takanori; Gotoh, Jiro

doi:10.1002/cne.901240102

Cited by 77 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…This is almost certainly due to the fact that it is completely dark in the sealed LAPS chamber. The presence of slow wave EEG induced by darkness in apparently conscious birds has been reported previously [16,42] and Gentle (1975Gentle ( , 1976) used this phenomenon in hens to detect gustatory responses [14,15]. Oral stimulation of hens with bitter tasting…”

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 90%

Behavioural, brain and cardiac responses to hypobaric hypoxia in broiler chickens

Martin

Christensen

Vizzier-Thaxton

et al. 2016

Physiology & Behavior

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A novel approach to pre-slaughter stunning of chickens has been developed in which birds are rendered unconscious by progressive hypobaric hypoxia. Termed Low Atmospheric Pressure Stunning (LAPS), this approach involves application of gradual decompression lasting 280 s according to a prescribed curve. We examined responses to LAPS by recording behaviour, electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) in individual male chickens, and interpreted these with regards to the welfare impact of the process. We also examined the effect of two temperature adjusted pressure curves on these responses. Broiler chickens were exposed to LAPS in 30 triplets (16 and 14 triplets assigned to each pressure curve). In each triplet, one bird was instrumented for recording of EEG and ECG while the behaviour of all three birds was observed. Birds showed a consistent sequence of behaviours during LAPS (ataxia, loss of posture, clonic convulsions and motionless) which were observed in all birds. Leg paddling, tonic convulsions, slow wing flapping, mandibulation, head shaking, open bill breathing, deep inhalation, jumping and vocalisation were observed in a proportion of birds. Spectral analysis of EEG responses at 2 s intervals throughout LAPS revealed progressive decreases in median frequency at the same time as corresponding progressive increases in total power, followed later by decreases in total power as all birds exhibited isoelectric EEG and died. There was a very pronounced increase in total power at 50-60 s into the LAPS cycle, which corresponded to dominance of the signal by high amplitude slow waves, indicating loss of consciousness.Slow wave EEG was seen early in the LAPS process, before behavioural evidence of loss of consciousness such as ataxia and loss of posture, almost certainly due to the fact that it was completely dark in the LAPS chamber. ECG recordings showed a pronounced bradycardia (starting on average 49.6 s into LAPS), often associated with arrhythmia, until around 60 s into LAPS when heart rate levelled off. There was a good correlation between behavioural, EEG and cardiac measures in relation to loss of consciousness which collectively provide a loss of consciousness estimate of around 60 s. There were some effects of temperature A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPTadjusted pressure curves on behavioural latencies and ECG responses, but in general responses were consistent and very similar to those reported in previous research on controlled atmosphere stunning with inert gases. The results suggest that the process is humane (slaughter without avoidable fear, anxiety, pain, suffering and distress). In particular, the maintenance of slow wave EEG patterns in the early part of LAPS (while birds are still conscious) is strongly suggestive that LAPS is non-aversive, since we would expect this to be interrupted by pain or discomfort. Highlights A novel stunning system uses hypobaric hypoxia to render poultry unconscious  We measured electroencephalogram, electrocardiogram and...

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Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 90%

Behavioural, brain and cardiac responses to hypobaric hypoxia in broiler chickens

Martin

Christensen

Vizzier-Thaxton

et al. 2016

Physiology & Behavior

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“…The EEG recorded from the hyperstriatum accessorium of birds, however, was about the same in general character as that from the neocortex of mammals (OOKAWA and GOTOH, 1965). The most remarkable difference of the subcortical EEGs between mammals and chickens is that, while the regular theta-like waves are present in the mammalian hippocampus, they are absent from the chicken hippocampus (YAMAMO 1959).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, spindle bursts in sleep are observed in mammals but not in chickens (OoKAWA and GOTOH, 1965). The EEG recorded from the hyperstriatum accessorium of birds, however, was about the same in general character as that from the neocortex of mammals (OOKAWA and GOTOH, 1965).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depth-Electroencephalograms of Chickens in Wakefulness and Sleep

Sugihara

Gotoh

1973

Jpn.J.Physiol

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“…Research efforts have largely concerned the use of the EEG either as an indicator of the general integrity of the nervous system (Corner & Bakhuis, 1969;Muller & Scheich, 1986) or as a measure of specific brain states such as sleep cycles and other EEG rhythm defined states (Corner, Bakhuis, & van Wingerden, 1973;Ookawa & Gotoh, 1965;Ookawa & Takagi, 1968;Speciale, Correspondence to: M. Hunter Contract grant sponsor: University of Newcastle Contract grant number: RMC 280-1086 Nawaczyk, & Jouvet, 1976). Of those studies using the EEG as a measure of the functional integrity of the chicken nervous system, a major interest has been to plot the embryonic development of the chicken brain.…”

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confidence: 99%