Distribution of Periodontal Pockets Among Smokers and Nonsmokers in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis: A Cross-sectional Study

Abstract

ContextCigarette smoking is a well-established risk factor for periodontitis and carries an increased risk for loss of periodontal attachment as well as bone loss.AimsThe purpose of the present study was to investigate whether disease severity differs between smokers and nonsmokers in a group of chronic periodontitis patients by assessing the periodontal probing depth (PPD) and bleeding on probing (BOP).Materials and methodsThe study included 150 individuals, 75 smokers and 75 nonsmokers, in the age group of 35-60 years. Subjects with chronic periodontitis were selected and included in the study. Periodontal evaluation, including periodontal probing pocket depths and bleeding on probing, was performed on all four quadrants and at six sites per tooth using the Williams periodontal probe. The data were pooled from the anterior sextant and the posterior sextant as well as from the facial and lingual surfaces.Statistical analysisComparisons were made between smokers and nonsmokers using the z-test (two-tailed test). Probing pocket depth categories 0-3 mm, 4-5 mm, 6-7 mm, and ≥8 mm and the proportion of sites having a pocket depth of ≥5 mm were used in the analysis.ResultsThe mean percentage of sites that bleed upon probing was higher for nonsmokers as compared with smokers. Smokers had less shallow pockets (0-3 mm) than nonsmokers and more pockets of 4-7 mm (categories 4-5 mm, 6-7 mm). No significant differences were detected in the prevalence of pockets ≥8 mm. In the anterior, premolar, and molar regions, pockets of 6-7 mm were significantly more prevalent in smokers. The buccal and lingual sides also showed that smokers had more sites with deep probing depths ≥5 mm than nonsmokers. The data also showed that in the upper jaw, in the anterior and premolar teeth, the largest differences were found between smokers and nonsmokers.ConclusionsFrom the results, it can be concluded that cigarette smoking results in periodontal tissue destruction in the different areas of the oral cavity, with the maximum periodontal destruction in the maxillary anterior and premolar region.

Assessment and Correlation of Salivary Ca, Mg, and pH in Smokers and Non-Smokers with Generalized Chronic Periodontitis

“…On comparing the clinical parameters, such as PPD and CAL, smokers had more PPD and CAL compared with non-smokers with periodontitis. A similar observation was noticed by Haffajee AD et al [51], Shashikanth H et al [46], and Velidandla S et al [52]. On comparing the Plaque Index, no difference was found between the groups.…”

Salivary IL-17 and IL-10 as Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers of Different Stages of Periodontitis in Smoker and Nonsmoker Patients

“…The smokers presented a significant reduction in BOP% in each stage compared with nonsmokers; this coincides with Ali and Ali in 2012, 19 and this is probably due to tobacco smoking causing vasoconstriction of peripheral vessels. 20 Highest PPD belonged to stage III smokers with higher PPD values in the smoker's group of each stage, and this agrees with Velidandla et al, 21 who reported that cigarette smoking is associated with increased pocket severity, which is related to the local effect of smoke, altering the local temperature, and favoring plaque formation and, thus, more severe pocketing.…”

Pattern of tooth mobility in smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis

“…From M Razali et al study, it is observed that smokers had more prevalence for tooth loss and the age group 45 years and above was the most commonly affected group (Razali et al, 2005), which is in accordance with the present study. Surekha V et al study states that smoking increases the periodontal destruction, commonly in the maxillary anterior and premolar region (Velidandla et al, 2019) to which our study shows a similar association.…”