“…Nevertheless, up to now, knowledge concerning the speciation of long-lived radionuclides in biological systems and its impact on their chemo-and radiotoxicity is limited. Most actinide studies were carried out with actinides in higher oxidation states, especially with uranium(VI) (Carrière et al, 2004(Carrière et al, , 2005aMilgram et al, 2008aMilgram et al, , 2007Milgram et al, , 2008bMirto et al, 1999a,b;Muller et al, 2006;Rouas et al, 2010), for which the relationship between its speciation and its cytotoxicity onto mammalian cells is comprehensively studied. A second, well studied actinide is plutonium(IV), whose uptake and binding was studied with various cell lines Fouillit et al, 2004;Gorman-Lewis et al, 2011;Jensen et al, 2012Jensen et al, , 2011Planas-Bohne and Duffield, 1988;Planas-Bohne et al, 1985Planas-Bohne and Rau, 1990;Schuler and Taylor, 1987).…”