Distribution of the Soil PAHs and Health Risk Influenced by Coal Usage Processes in Taiyuan City, Northern China

Li, Rongjie; Cheng, Mingchao; Cui, Yang; He, Qiusheng; Guo, Xiangfeng; Chen, Laiguo; Wang, Xinming

doi:10.3390/ijerph17176319

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Li et al [ 42 ] showed that the spatial distribution of PAHs and B[ a ]P produced by industry impact the surrounding quality of soil. They pointed to following sources: combustion of coal (40.77%), exhausts from vehicles (32.94%), combustion of biomass (14.89%), and cooking (11.40%).…”

Section: Sources Of Human Exposure To B[ a ]Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benzo[a]pyrene—Environmental Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Mechanisms of Toxicity

Bukowska

Mokra

Michałowicz

2022

IJMS

183

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Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is the main representative of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and has been repeatedly found in the air, surface water, soil, and sediments. It is present in cigarette smoke as well as in food products, especially when smoked and grilled. Human exposure to B[a]P is therefore common. Research shows growing evidence concerning toxic effects induced by this substance. This xenobiotic is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP P450) to carcinogenic metabolite: 7β,8α-dihydroxy-9α,10α-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BPDE), which creates DNA adducts, causing mutations and malignant transformations. Moreover, B[a]P is epigenotoxic, neurotoxic, and teratogenic, and exhibits pro-oxidative potential and causes impairment of animals’ fertility. CYP P450 is strongly involved in B[a]P metabolism, and it is simultaneously expressed as a result of the association of B[a]P with aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), playing an essential role in the cancerogenic potential of various xenobiotics. In turn, polymorphism of CYP P450 genes determines the sensitivity of the organism to B[a]P. It was also observed that B[a]P facilitates the multiplication of viruses, which may be an additional problem with the widespread COVID-19 pandemic. Based on publications mainly from 2017 to 2022, this paper presents the occurrence of B[a]P in various environmental compartments and human surroundings, shows the exposure of humans to this substance, and describes the mechanisms of its toxicity.

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Section: Sources Of Human Exposure To B[ a ]Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benzo[a]pyrene—Environmental Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Mechanisms of Toxicity

Bukowska

Mokra

Michałowicz

2022

IJMS

183

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“…Taiyuan City, the capital of Shanxi Province, was selected as the research area in this study ( Figure 1 ). Taiyuan, as an important industrial base in northern China, has long been plagued by air pollution, especially PAH pollution, due to high energy consumption and poor air diffusivity [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]. According to statistics, the annual consumption of oil in Taiyuan was 1.9 million tons standard coal equivalent, and the annual coal consumption was 79.0 million tons of coal, accounting for 20.4% of the total oil consumption and 29.4% of the coal consumption in Shanxi Province, respectively [ 34 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Key Factors for Improving the Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of PAH Inhalation Exposure by Monte Carlo Simulation

Qin

Tuerxunbieke

Wang

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) is a computational technique widely used in exposure and risk assessment. However, the result of traditional health risk assessment based on the MCS method has always been questioned due to the uncertainty introduced in parameter estimation and the difficulty in result validation. Herein, data from a large-scale investigation of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure was used to explore the key factors for improving the MCS method. Research participants were selected using a statistical sampling method in a typical PAH polluted city. Atmospheric PAH concentrations from 25 sampling sites in the area were detected by GC-MS and exposure parameters of participants were collected by field measurement. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of participants was calculated based on the measured data and considered to be the actual carcinogenic risk of the population. Predicted risks were evaluated by traditional assessment method based on MCS and three improved models including concentration-adjusted, age-stratified, and correlated-parameter-adjusted Monte Carlo methods. The goodness of fit of the models was evaluated quantitatively by comparing with the actual risk. The results showed that the average risk derived by traditional and age-stratified Monte Carlo simulation was 2.6 times higher, and the standard deviation was 3.7 times higher than the actual values. In contrast, the predicted risks of concentration- and correlated-parameter-adjusted models were in good agreement with the actual ILCR. The results of the comparison suggested that accurate simulation of exposure concentration and adjustment of correlated parameters could greatly improve the MCS. The research also reveals that the social factors related to exposure and potential relationship between variables are important issues affecting risk assessment, which require full consideration in assessment and further study in future research.

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“…The Σ 7 CarPAHs contributed approximately 37.6% of the Σ 16 PAHs, with a mean of 188.0 ng/g (range 12.8-803.2 ng/g). A past study indicated that human activities are the main source of PAHs (Abdel-Shafy and Mansour, 2016; Li et al, 2020), and as shown in Figure 1B, the landform of Taiyuan city is a basin, with low elevations in the middle region and high elevations in the east and west. Human activities and heavy pollution enterprises are distributed mainly in the middle plain area at low elevations.…”

Section: Contamination Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution, sources and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils under different landform conditions of Taiyuan, China

Liu,

Chen,

Duan

et al. 2024

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Public concern about polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is rising due to their potential carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects. This study assessed PAHs in Taiyuan City’s plain and mountain soil, investigating concentrations, distribution, sources, and carcinogenic risk. Σ21PAHs concentrations in plain topsoil ranged from 133.2 to 6,410.6 ng/g (mean 1,444.7 ng/g), and in mountain soil from 66.5 to 2,250.2 ng/g (mean 585.5 ng/g). Approximately 55.1% of plain and 19.0% of mountain soil samples had contamination levels exceeding 600 ng/g. In plain soil, 4-ring and 5-ring PAHs dominated, while 2-ring and 3-ring PAHs were prevalent in mountain soil. Polluted areas in Taiyuan were primarily centered in the central-north, with higher content closer to industrial or business districts. PAH isomer ratios and principal component analysis/multiple linear regression (PCA/MLR) indicated coal combustion as the main PAH source, followed by coke production, vehicle emissions, and biomass combustion. Incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) showed Taiyuan’s PAH-related cancer risks were generally low, though heavily contaminated areas exhibited moderate risks. Plain regions had three times higher cancer risk than mountains, with children facing higher risk than adults. These findings highlight the need to consider PAH pollution while enhancing urban environmental quality.

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Distribution of the Soil PAHs and Health Risk Influenced by Coal Usage Processes in Taiyuan City, Northern China

Cited by 10 publications

References 43 publications

Benzo[a]pyrene—Environmental Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Mechanisms of Toxicity

Benzo[a]pyrene—Environmental Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Mechanisms of Toxicity

Key Factors for Improving the Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of PAH Inhalation Exposure by Monte Carlo Simulation

Distribution, sources and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils under different landform conditions of Taiyuan, China

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