Distributions and Climatic Correlations of Some Exotic Species Along Roadsides in South Island, New Zealand

Wilson, J. Bastow; Rapson, Gillian L.; Sykes, Martin T.; Watkins, Anni J.; Williams, Peter

doi:10.2307/2845504

Cited by 66 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Thus, these results may be consistent to other studies documenting a decreasing invasion with altitude mediated by a increase in fragmentation and degradation levels (e.g. Wilson et al 1992, Schmitt et al 2010, Alexander et al 2011. The absence of a statistically significant correlation suggests that this may be a developing pattern while the invasion process occurs.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Saunders et al 1991, Soulé et al 1992, Gilliam et al 1995, Laurance et al 1998, Tabarelli et al 1999, Hersperger & Forman 2003, Lindenmayer & Fischer 2006, Echeverría et al 2007, Schmitt et al 2010, as well as increases in exotic species diversity and abundance (Brothers & Spingarn 1992, Hobbs & Huennecke 1992, Wilson et al 1992, D'Antonio 1993, Mooney & Hobbs 2000, Hobbs 2001, Rouget et al 2002, Pauchard & Alaback 2004, Sax et al 2005. These fragmentation effects may be related to micro-environmental changes in the new edges, such as increase of light, higher temperatures and the potential release of other resources (Saunders et al 1991, Brothers & Spingarn 1992, Chen et al 1995, Hobbs 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationship between fragmentation, degradation and native and exotic species richness in an Andean temperate forest of Chile

et al. 2011

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Human impact such as forest fragmentation and degradation may have strong effects on native and exotic plant communities. In addition, these human-caused disturbances occur mostly in lowlands producing greater fragmentation and degradation there than in higher elevations. Plant invasion should be greater in more fragmented and degraded forests and hence lowlands should be more invaded than higher elevations. In turn, native species richness should be negatively related to fragmentation and degradation and hence greater in higher elevations within a forest type or elevation belt. We assessed these hypotheses in an Andean temperate forest of southern Chile, Araucanía Region. We recorded the vascular plant composition in twelve fragments of different size, perimeter/area, elevation level and evidence of human degradation (logging, fire, cattle faeces). Based on these variables we performed a fragmentation and a degradation index. Pearson correlations were used to analyze the relationship between all these variables. We found that fragmentation and degradation were positively correlated, and each of them decreased with altitude. Furthermore, fragmentation and degradation affected native and exotic species richness in different ways. Invasion was enhanced by both fragmentation and degradation, and as consequence of the altitudinal patterns of these human-caused disturbances, invasion seems to occur mainly in lowlands. In turn, native species richness decreased with fragmentation, and it was not related to degradation nor altitude. KEYWORDS:Fragmentation, forest degradation, elevation gradient, invasion, plant diversity. RESUMENImpactos humanos tales como la fragmentación y degradación de bosques pueden tener fuertes efectos en las comunidades de especies vegetales nativas y exóticas. Además, perturbaciones antrópicas ocurren principalmente en menores altitudes produciendo mayores grados de fragmentación y degradación que en mayores altitudes. La invasión de plantas exóticas debería ser mayor en bosques más fragmentados o degradados y, por lo tanto, en menores altitudes dentro de un tipo de bosque o piso altitudinal. En cambio, la riqueza de especies nativas debería ser negativamente afectada por la fragmentación y degradación, encontrándose mayor riqueza en mayores altitudes dentro de un tipo de bosque determinado. En este trabajo evaluamos estas hipótesis en un bosque templado andino de la Región de la Araucanía, Chile. Registramos la composición de plantas vasculares en doce fragmentos de diferente tamaño, razón perímetro/área, altitud y degradación antrópica (cortas, incendios, fecas de ganado). En base a estas variables construimos un índice de fragmentación y uno de degradación para estos fragmentos. Se analizaron las relaciones entre estas variables a través de correlaciones de Pearson. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la fragmentación y degradación están positivamente relacionadas y que ambos tipos de perturbación ocurren en altitudes más bajas del tipo de bosque estudiado. Además, la fragmentación y d...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between fragmentation, degradation and native and exotic species richness in an Andean temperate forest of Chile

et al. 2011

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“…Holloway and Hall and (1998) wrote that these introduced plants 'can reproduce in response to climate the 'parallel arcs' patterns shown by indigenous plants', and this supposed similarity is used to support their conclusion of 'absence of widespread terrane fidelity'. The distributions of the introduced species mapped by Wilson et al (1992) reflect the westeast decrease in rainfall in the South Island and the hot, sunny climate of the central regions, as indicated by Wilson et al (1992). Despite Holloway's claim, these introduced plants and the local climatic zones they follow do not have similar distributions to the highly complex but repeated patterns of the local and regional endemics.…”

Section: Mangrove Ancestry Of Malesian Ericaceaementioning

confidence: 89%

“…Craw 1989) are also manifest in the distributions of plants introduced by Europeans, and suggested for these to have a climatic basis (Wilson et al 1992)'. Holloway and Hall and (1998) wrote that these introduced plants 'can reproduce in response to climate the 'parallel arcs' patterns shown by indigenous plants', and this supposed similarity is used to support their conclusion of 'absence of widespread terrane fidelity'.…”

Section: Mangrove Ancestry Of Malesian Ericaceaementioning

confidence: 99%

Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology

Heads¹

2003

Telopea

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Heads, Michael (Science Faculty, University of Goroka, PO Box 1078, Goroka, Papua New Guinea. Current address: Biology Department, University of the South Pacific, P.O. Box 1168 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10(1): 311-449. The Ericaceae are cosmopolitan but the main clades have well-marked centres of diversity and endemism in different parts of the world. Erica and its relatives, the heaths, are mainly in South Africa, while their sister group, Rhododendron and relatives, has centres of diversity in N Burma/SW China and New Guinea, giving an Indian Ocean affinity. The Vaccinioideae are largely Pacific-based, and epacrids are mainly in Australasia. The different centres, and trans-Indian, trans-Pacific and trans-Atlantic Ocean disjunctions all indicate origin by vicariance. The different main massings are reflected in the different distributions of the subfamilies within Malesia. With respect to plant architecture, in Rhododendron inflorescence bracts and leaves are very different. Erica and relatives with the 'ericoid' habit have similar leaves and bracts, and the individual plants may be homologous with inflorescences of Rhododendron. Furthermore, in the ericoids the 'inflorescence-plant' has also been largely sterilised, leaving shoots with mainly just bracts, and flowers restricted to distal parts of the shoot. The epacrids are also 'inflorescence-plants' with foliage comprised of 'bracts', but their sister group, the Vaccinioideae, have dimorphic foliage (leaves and bracts). In Malesian Ericaceae, the four large genera and the family as a whole have most species in the 1500-2000 m altitudinal belt, lower than is often thought and within the range of sweet potato cultivation. The same belt is also most diverse for ferns, birds-of-paradise and bowerbirds. Distribution maps of Malesian Ericaceae are presented, with related species indicated. Concentric patterns of distribution are frequent and could be attributable to evolution around shrinking seas. In New Guinea the main axial range is a composite structure, with the southern part formed by the old Australian craton and the northern and eastern parts formed from 32 tectonostratigraphic terranes or microplates. These formed independently and then docked with each other and the craton. The tectonic boundary between the craton and the accreted terranes is also an important biogeographic boundary. Many taxa have distributions linking different accreted terranes but are not on the craton. Movement and integration of island arcs and more substantial terranes has led to complex patterns of disjunction throughout Malesia, but there is an underlying parallel-arc structure, seen clearly in New Guinea. The tectonic provinces in Borneo are also reflected in the two main biogeographic tracks: Kuching--Kinabalu and Kutei Mts./Mt. Kemul-Kinabalu, the Lupar River boundary and the Meratus Mts. centre. The islands of the Riouw Pocket (Corner 1978a) are notably surrounded by many groups which are absent th...

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“…En cuanto a la flora del área, es destacable el alto porcentaje que es de origen nativo, lo cual podría explicarse en parte por las rigurosas características físicas en la zona producto de la altura; otros autores han señalado una menor riqueza de plantas exóticas en zonas altas, tanto en Chile (Pauchard & Alaback 2004), como en otros continentes (Wilson et al 1992). Por otra parte, la baja densidad poblacional respecto a otras zonas del país podría traducirse en falta de propágulos de especies exóticas, los cuales llegan usualmente ligados a actividades humanas (Sakai et al 2001, Figueroa et al 2004.…”

Section: Discusionunclassified

Variacion Estacional De La Flora Y Vegetacion en La Precordillera Andina De La Comuna De Putre (I Region De Tarapaca, Chile) Durante El Periodo 2002-2003

Muñoz

Bonacic

2006

Gayana Bot.

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RESUMENLa precordillera de la I Región de Chile (18º 15´S -69º 33´W) es una franja que recibe efectos tanto del adyacente desierto ubicado hacia el poniente a menor altitud, como del Altiplano, el piso superior con el cual limita hacia el oriente. La vegetación en el área presenta, en consecuencia, una variación altitudinal, donde la precordillera se ubica en el segundo de cuatro pisos denominado comúnmente tolar o estepa arbustiva pre-altiplánica (sensu Gajardo). En esta zona 10 parcelas fueron muestreadas mediante el uso de transectos, en cuatro trabajos en terreno durante el año 2002 y 2003. En ellas se investigó acerca de las formas de vida, cobertura vegetal absoluta y relativa, diversidad y riqueza de especies vegetales vasculares en un período anterior y posterior a la época de lluvias estivales (estación seca y estación húmeda). La precipitación estival del año 2002 fue 203 mm, un monto normal para la región, mientras que el año 2003 la precipitación estival fue menor e igual a 84,7 mm (inferior al 50% del promedio de la última década a esa fecha). La amplia mayoría de especies vegetales vasculares encontradas (92,9 %) es de origen nativo (n= 98 especies) y sus principales formas de vida son caméfitas, nanofanerófitas y hemicriptófitas. Los resultados de los transectos presentaron patrones de estacionalidad; arrojaron mayor cobertura, riqueza de especies y mayores índices de biodiversidad durante la estación húmeda respecto a la seca. En la estación seca nanofanerófitas y caméfitas, principalmente tolas (de la voz aymara t´ola que significa arbusto), son las formas de vida más abundantes, mientras que en la estación húmeda se suman las terófitas y hemicriptófitas herbáceas. El cambio proporcional de cobertura vegetal entre estaciones húmeda y seca, así como la participación relativa de terófitas se vieron disminuidos durante el año 2003, precedido por menor precipitación estival que el año 2002.PALABRAS CLAVES: Altiplano, vegetación, formas de vida, lluvias estivales. ABSTRACTThe pre-andean mountains of the northern Chile (18º 15´S -69º 33´W) corresponds to a narrow strip which is affected by the desert at lower altitud to the west, and the Altiplano, a higher plateau at the east. The vegetation in the area also presents an altitudinal variation, and the pre-andean mountains constitutes the second of four altitudinal floors, commonly called tolar or pre-altiplano shrubland (sensu Gajardo). Ten sampling sites were studied for life forms of plants, absolute and relative vegetal cover, plant diversity and species richness of vascular plants before and after summer rainfall (dry and wet season) in four expeditions during 2002 and 2003 by using transects. The summer rainfall in 2002 was 203 mm, considered a normal precipitation for the region, whereas the following year presented a lower amount of rain of 84.7 mm (less than 50% of normal summer rain for the area). The majority of the species of plants (92,9 %) were native (total n=98 species) and the most abundant life forms were chamaephytes, nanophanerophyt...

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Distributions and Climatic Correlations of Some Exotic Species Along Roadsides in South Island, New Zealand

Cited by 66 publications

References 25 publications

Relationship between fragmentation, degradation and native and exotic species richness in an Andean temperate forest of Chile

Relationship between fragmentation, degradation and native and exotic species richness in an Andean temperate forest of Chile

Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology

Variacion Estacional De La Flora Y Vegetacion en La Precordillera Andina De La Comuna De Putre (I Region De Tarapaca, Chile) Durante El Periodo 2002-2003

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