Distributions of brominated organic compounds in the troposphere and lower stratosphere

Schauffler, S.; Atlas, Elliot L.; Blake, D. R.; Flocke, Frank; Lueb, R.; Lee-Taylor, J.; Stroud, V.; Travnicek, W.

doi:10.1029/1999jd900197

Cited by 195 publications

(204 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…The total organic bromine budgets at the tropopause (17 km, θ ≈ 370 K) resulted in 18.02 ± 0.66 ppt and 17.68 ± 0.49 ppt in the Western and Eastern Pacific, respectively (Table 2). These values are similar to the total organic bromine of 17.4 ± 0.9 ppt reported over the Central Pacific during NASA-Stratospheric Tracers of Atmospheric Transport (NASA-STRAT) 1996 (26,27) and to the total organic bromine of 17.5 ± 0.6 ppt found over the Eastern Pacific during NASA-Costa Rica-Aura Validation Experiment (NASA-CRAVE) 2006 (https://espoarchive.nasa.gov/archive/browse/ cr_ave). The similarity between campaigns over this extended time period reflects the changing abundances of the long-lived species (bromomethane and halons) and the variable amounts of short-lived bromine compounds found during the few campaigns that have collected data in the tropical TTL (25,28,29).…”

Section: Significancesupporting

confidence: 71%

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Airborne measurements of organic bromine compounds in the Pacific tropical tropopause layer

Navarro

Atlas

Saiz‐Lopez

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Very short-lived brominated substances (VSLBr) are an important source of stratospheric bromine, an effective ozone destruction catalyst. However, the accurate estimation of the organic and inorganic partitioning of bromine and the input to the stratosphere remains uncertain. Here, we report near-tropopause measurements of organic brominated substances found over the tropical Pacific during the NASA Airborne Tropical Tropopause Experiment campaigns. We combine aircraft observations and a chemistry−climate model to quantify the total bromine loading injected to the stratosphere. Surprisingly, despite differences in vertical transport between the Eastern and Western Pacific, VSLBr (organic + inorganic) contribute approximately similar amounts of bromine [∼6 (4−9) parts per thousand] to the stratospheric input at the tropical tropopause. These levels of bromine cause substantial ozone depletion in the lower stratosphere, and any increases in future abundances (e.g., as a result of aquaculture) will lead to larger depletions.

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Section: Significancesupporting

confidence: 71%

“…GWAS is a modified version of the previous Whole Air Sampler described elsewhere (26,27,30,31). The instrument consists of 90 custom-made, Silonite-coated (Entech Instruments), 1.3-L stainless steel canisters with Parker Series 99 solenoid valves (Parker-Hannifin), mounted onto a custom-made support.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne measurements of organic bromine compounds in the Pacific tropical tropopause layer

Navarro

Atlas

Saiz‐Lopez

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Nominal reported accuracies and precisions are, e.g., ±5% and the larger of ±1% or 2 pptv, respectively, for the PEM-West B study [Hoell et al, 1997]. Further details can be found in the original papers describing the alkane measurement techniques: Point Arena [Singh et al, 1988], PEM-West B [Blake et al, 1997], PHOBEA [Jaffe et al, 2001;Price et al, 2003], TRACE-P ], Trinidad Head , and ITCT 2K2 [Schauffler et al, 1999[Schauffler et al, , 2003]. …”

Section: Data Sets and Methods Utilizedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the photochemical environment of the temperate North Pacific troposphere in response to increased Asian emissions

et al. 2004

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[1] Measurements during the Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation 2002 (ITCT 2K2) field study characterized the springtime, eastern Pacific ozone distribution at two ground sites, from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration WP-3D aircraft, and from a light aircraft operated by the University of Washington. D. Jaffe and colleagues compared the 2002 ozone distribution with measurements made in the region over the two previous decades and show that average ozone levels over the eastern midlatitude Pacific have systematically increased by $10 ppbv in the last two decades. Here we provide substantial evidence that a marked change in the photochemical environment in the springtime troposphere of the North Pacific is responsible for this increased O 3 . This change is evidenced in the eastern North Pacific ITCT 2K2 study region by (1) larger increases in the minimum observed ozone levels compared to more modest increases in the maximum levels, (2) increased peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) levels that parallel trends in NO x emissions, and (3) decreased efficiency of photochemical O 3 destruction, i.e., less negative O 3 photochemical tendency (or net rate of O 3 photochemical production; P(O 3 )). This changed photochemical environment is hypothesized to be due to anthropogenic emissions from Asia, which are believed to have substantially increased over the two decades preceding the study. We propose that their influence has changed the springtime Pacific tropospheric photochemistry from predominately ozone destroying to more nearly ozone producing. However, chemical transport model calculations indicate the possible influence of a confounding factor; unusual transport of tropical air to the western North Pacific during one early field study may have played a role in this apparent change in the photochemistry.

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“…Details of the analysis have been provided previously. [7,8] The absorbent collection and analysis techniques are similar to those used previously to measure alkyl halides at MH. [3] Samples volumes were of the order of 6 L. Compounds routinely monitored for this experiment included CH 3 CH 2 Br, CH 3 CH 2 I, CH 2 Br 2 , CH 2 ICl, CH 2 BrI, CHBr 3 , CH 2 I 2 , isoprene, and monoterpenes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[8] Isoprene and terpene calibrations were made with respect to another compressed gas standard of approximately 10 ppb each of isoprene and camphene in nitrogen; the quantization of this standard was made by comparison with a primary standard through GC-FID analysis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine Organic Halide and Isoprene Emissions Near Mace Head, Ireland

2005

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Environmental Context.Atmospheric aerosols have received increasing attention, not only because they include cloud condensation nuclei, essential for precipitation, but also because of their absorption and scattering of radiation, which may affect climate. The process of aerosol formation, however, is not well understood. This paper describes measurements of the fluxes into the atmosphere of several possible biogenic precursors to primary aerosol production. Abstract.Vertical profiles of the concentration of several alkyl halides, as well as isoprene, were made from the surface to 200 m, using a tethered balloon platform, near Mace Head, Ireland in September–October 2003. Profiles indicate a surface source of several alkyl halides. Alkyl halides have been proposed as a source of new particles in the atmosphere. Estimates of emission rates (μg m−2 h−1) were made using a flux-gradient technique for CH2Br2 (0.8), CHBr3 (6), CH2IBr (0.1), CH2I2 (0.1), and isoprene (24).

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Distributions of brominated organic compounds in the troposphere and lower stratosphere

Cited by 195 publications

References 72 publications

Airborne measurements of organic bromine compounds in the Pacific tropical tropopause layer

Airborne measurements of organic bromine compounds in the Pacific tropical tropopause layer

Changes in the photochemical environment of the temperate North Pacific troposphere in response to increased Asian emissions

Marine Organic Halide and Isoprene Emissions Near Mace Head, Ireland

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