Distributions of rare earths and heavy metals in field-grown maize after application of rare earth-containing fertilizer

Advances in Rare Earth Spectroscopy and Applications

“…Among the Lns, only Er 3+ and Tm 3+ ions provide efficient amplification in this band through their 4 ion not only provides amplification at 800 nm but also at 1470 and 1900 nm. 180 Dye et al 181 reported the first engineered 800 nm Tm:OPAM using two pump lasers of a single wavelength (780 nm), which was further modified by Akasaka et al 182 They demonstrated a Tm-doped optical amplifier with 30 dB gain at the 850 nm window using a special fiber subjected to excitation with 690 and 1400 nm.…”

Investigation of Sorption and Separation of Lanthanides on the Ion Exchangers of Various Types

“…This would require about three times the world's total annual production and as follows from the World Wind Energy Report projects, the global wind power capacity will grow by almost four times in the next 10 years. Rare earth elements are also used in catalysts that can increase the capacity of refinery equipment up to 30% and gasoline production by 5% (in the USA that is additionally 18 million gallons of production per day), commercial air conditioners, medical magnetic resonance imaging equipment, for peptide preparation as well as microfertilizers that can increase certain crop yields by 15% etc (Chegwidden & Kingsnorth, 2002;Xu et al 2002;O'Driscoll, 2003;Fricker, 2006;Li et al 2010). …”

Evaluation of bioavailability of light rare earth elements to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions

“…Fertilizers containing rare earth elements (REEs) with predominant proportion La and Ce are widely used in agriculture in China in order to increase crop yields of some plant species, particularly if moisture is limited (Xu et al, 2002;Shtangeeva, 2004). Since 1990s, millions of tons of such fertilizers have been applied.…”