Diurnal and Seasonal Variation of BTX in Ambient air of One Urban Site in Carmen City, Campeche, Mexico

Abstract

<p class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family:Verdana;">BTX (benzene</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Verdana;">, ethylbenzene, toluene and p-xylene) and meteorological parameters were measured in ambient air of an urban site located in Carmen City, Campeche, Mexico. A total of 412 samples were collected for BTX and analyzed by Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID). Meteorological parameters were measured by a portable station. A marked diurnal variation was found for all measured BTX. The highest concentrations occurred during midday (13:00-14:30 h). A clear seasonal pattern was observed too for all compounds registering their highest levels during summer sampling period. Mean concentrations for benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene and p-xylene were: 5.42, 3.97, 11.24 and 8.32 ppbv, respectively. BTX abundance showed the following order: toluene > p-xylene</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Verdana;">> benzene</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Verdana;">> ethylbenzene. BTX maximum concentrations were found when winds blowed from E and NE. Important oil industry sources and avenues are located at these directions. These sources could contribute to the levels of BTX in this site</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span> </p

Health Risk Assessment of the Levels of BTEX in Ambient Air of One Urban Site Located in Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico during Two Climatic Seasons

“…Toluene concentrations were similar to those reported in Bari, Italy [32], Beijing, China [4], Mexico City, Carmen City in Mexico [31,33], and Paris, France [6], higher than those reported in Valencia, Spain [24], Ahvaz, Iran [24], Vienna, Austria [6] and London, U.K. [6], but lower than those reported for Yazd, Iran [30], Delhi, India [5], Algiers, Algeria [28], and Rome, Italy [7]. Ethylbenzene concentrations were similar to those reported for Yazd, Iran [30], Kolkata, India [29] and Hanoi, Vietnam [27], but higher than those reported for Delhi and Kolkata in India [5,29], Mexico City, Carmen City and Monterrey in Mexico [31,33,34], Vienna, Austria [6], London, U.K. [6] and Paris, France [6]. p-Xylene concentrations in this study were higher than those reported in Valencia, Spain [25], Gdansk, Poland [26], Ahvaz, Iran [24], Monterrey, Mexico [34], Vienna, Austria [6], Paris, France [6] and London, U.K. [6], but lower than those reported for Yazd, Iran [30], Hanoi, Vietnam [27], Kolkata and Delhi in India [5,29], Algiers, Algeria [28], and Carmen, Mexico [31].…”

“…The results found for benzene in Leon are comparable to those found in cities such as Ahvaz, Iran [24], and Valencia, Spain [25], with urban-industrial land use, vehicle traffic influence, and population between 1 and 3 million. Benzene concentrations in Leon were higher than those reported for Gdansk, Poland [26], (a city with approximately one third of the population of León) but lower than concentrations in Hanoi, Vietnam [27], Algiers, Algeria [28], Kolkata, India [29], Yazd, Iran [30], Carmen, Mexico [31], Paris, France [6], Vienna, Austria [6], London, U.K. [6] and Rome, Italy [7]. Toluene concentrations were similar to those reported in Bari, Italy [32], Beijing, China [4], Mexico City, Carmen City in Mexico [31,33], and Paris, France [6], higher than those reported in Valencia, Spain [24], Ahvaz, Iran [24], Vienna, Austria [6] and London, U.K. [6], but lower than those reported for Yazd, Iran [30], Delhi, India [5], Algiers, Algeria [28], and Rome, Italy [7].…”

“…Benzene concentrations in Leon were higher than those reported for Gdansk, Poland [26], (a city with approximately one third of the population of León) but lower than concentrations in Hanoi, Vietnam [27], Algiers, Algeria [28], Kolkata, India [29], Yazd, Iran [30], Carmen, Mexico [31], Paris, France [6], Vienna, Austria [6], London, U.K. [6] and Rome, Italy [7]. Toluene concentrations were similar to those reported in Bari, Italy [32], Beijing, China [4], Mexico City, Carmen City in Mexico [31,33], and Paris, France [6], higher than those reported in Valencia, Spain [24], Ahvaz, Iran [24], Vienna, Austria [6] and London, U.K. [6], but lower than those reported for Yazd, Iran [30], Delhi, India [5], Algiers, Algeria [28], and Rome, Italy [7]. Ethylbenzene concentrations were similar to those reported for Yazd, Iran [30], Kolkata, India [29] and Hanoi, Vietnam [27], but higher than those reported for Delhi and Kolkata in India [5,29], Mexico City, Carmen City and Monterrey in Mexico [31,33,34], Vienna, Austria [6], London, U.K. [6] and Paris, France [6].…”

Characteristics and health effects of BTEX in a hot spot for urban pollution

“…B/T (2.02–3.07) ratios in this study were similar to those in Orleans, France (3.22), Monterrey, Mexico (2.48), Mumbai, India (1.55–1.78), and Yazd, Iran (2.89) (Bauri et al, 2016; Jiang et al, 2017; Mosaddegh Mehrjerdi et al, 2014; Srivastava et al, 2006). In contrast, lower ratios were observed in the region of La Plata (Argentina) (0.36) (Massolo et al, 2010), Carmen (Mexico) (0.39–0.36) (Cerón et al, 2013), Rome (Italy) (0.36), Izmir (Turkey) (0.53–0.5) (Muezzinoglu et al, 2001), and Delhi (India) (0.5–0.39) (Hoque et al, 2008). Differences in the B/T ratio between these studies is due to the diversity in the vehicular fleets, fuel formula, and industrial activities.…”

Atmospheric Levels of Benzene and C1-C2 Carbonyls in San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico: Source Implications and Health Risk

“…Some previous studies have addressed the spatio-temporal distribution of VOCs in Mexico [4,[10][11][12][13][14], mostly focused on Mexico City. There are not enough studies of VOC measurements in other important cities in Mexico.…”