Diurnal variations of amplitude of accommodation in different age groups

Park, Sun-Mi; Moon, Byeong-Yeon; Kim, Sangjin; Yu, Dong Sik

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225754

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Due to the interactions between the vergence and accommodation system, increasing these errors can disturb the vergence responses indirectly and increase the near exotropia. According to Park et al, the accommodation decreases in the afternoon compared to the morning, and the lowest amount has been seen from 3 PM to 4 PM, which is the same current study that the difference near exophoria between primary and 4 hours has become significant [20].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Diurnal Variations of Exophoria in Subjects With Normal Vision

Saba

Nasrabad²,

Aleshi³

et al. 2022

FDJ

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Background and Objectives: We aimed to investigate the variation of heterophoria during a day in students with a normal visual system. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 15 students aged 19 to 22 years with 20/20 visual acuity and normal binocular vision. Heterophoria was measured with a prism bar and alternate cover test at near and far distances (40 cm and 6 m). The measurement was performed from 8 to 10 PM in one day with 2 hours intervals. Results: The Mean±SD age of students was 21.6±0.87 years (63% women and 37% men). The mean deviation in far and near order was 1.93 and 3.75 prism diopter, respectively. The Greenhouse-Geisser test concluded no significant difference between the measurements of distant heterophoria during the day (F=1.362, df=3.066, P=0.267). However, the near-distance results were significant (F=15.17, df=7, P˂0.05). The paired t-test results showed that the highest amount of exophoria was observed near 4 PM, which was significantly different from the initial value, and the difference increases at the end of the day so that the mean difference of the initial near exophoria value from 4 to 10 PM reached from -1.254 to -3.508. Conclusion: Changes in refractive error or high order aberration increase near work and decrease the illumination during a day can induce force on accommodation and vergence. So, at the end of the day, the exophoria increases. Thus, it is preferable to perform eye examinations at the end of the day to make more accurate decisions about the diagnosis and treatment of patients.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Diurnal Variations of Exophoria in Subjects With Normal Vision

Saba

Nasrabad²,

Aleshi³

et al. 2022

FDJ

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“…The accommodative stimulus is 2.5D (1/0.4 = 2.5D) when the viewing distance is 0.4 m, and the measured data of all subjects are less than 2.5D, dropping an average of 0.81D.When the accommodative response is smaller than the accommodative stimulus, it is called the 'lag of accommodation', the expected value of which also varies with age. For 20-year-old adults, the expected value of the lag of accommodation is 0.75 ± 0.64D, and the lag of accommodation observed in this study was within the expected value [12].…”

Section: Accommodative Response and Pupil Sizesupporting

confidence: 76%

Accommodative relaxation by extending the viewing distance through the simple optical design of a double-mirror system

Huang

Yeh

2021

Preprint

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This paper discusses the accommodative relaxation of myopic adults by using a simple double-mirror design. This optical design can extend the viewing distance to 2.285 m and magnify the image up to 3.79 times, and it results in the accommodative relaxation of a single human eye. We recruited 32 subjects with an average age of 20.8 ± 0.95 years old. After an examination of their refractive status, the disposable contact lenses with a corresponding refractive error were corrected, and the dynamic accommodative response and the change in pupil size were measured by using an open-field auto-refractor. The dynamic accommodative responses and pupil size data were collected under two viewing distance conditions. When the subjects gazed at a real object that was 0.4 m away, or a virtual image that was 2.285 m away, the mean value of the accommodative response was 1.69 ± 0.31D or 0.11 ± 0.05D, and the pupil size was 3.79 ± 0.49 mm or 4.09 ± 0.72 mm, respectively. The accommodative response decreased and the pupil size increased by using the double-mirror system, and therefore, accommodative relaxation can be achieved by using this new optical design. In this study, we first successfully proposed a simple optical design to relax the accommodation, and the fluctuations of the accommodation response were stable, with the extended viewing distance of 2.285 m. This design may be applied for the improvement of visual function, such as the reduction of asthenopia and the control of myopia.

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“…The accommodative stimulus is 2.5 D (1/0.4 = 2.5 D) when the viewing distance is 0.4 m, and the measured data for all of the subjects were less than 2.5 D, dropping an average of 0.81 D. When the accommodative response is smaller than the accommodative stimulus, it is called the 'lag of accommodation', the expected value of which also varies with age. For 20-year-old adults, the expected value of the lag of accommodation is 0.75 ± 0.64 D, and the lag of accommodation observed in this study was within the expected values [22]. The pupil size was measured for 30 s, and then the mean value was calculated.…”

Section: Accommodative Response and Pupil Sizesupporting

confidence: 69%

Accommodative Relaxation by Extending the Viewing Distance through the Simple Optical Design of a Double-Mirror System

Yeh

Lee

et al. 2021

Applied Sciences

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Purpose: This paper discusses the accommodative relaxation of myopic adults using a simple double-mirror design. This optical design can extend the viewing distance to 2.285 m and can magnify the image up to 3.386 times, and it results in the accommodative relaxation of a single human eye. By using this optical design, accommodative relaxation may improve eye fatigue and, furthermore, it may delay the progression of myopia. Method: This study recruited 32 subjects with an average age of 20.8 ± 0.95 years old. After an examination of their refractive status, disposable contact lenses with a corresponding refractive error were fitted, and the dynamic accommodative response and change in pupil size were measured by using an open-field autorefractor. The subjects gazed at two different viewing distances. First, they gazed at a real object, which was placed 0.4 m in front of them. Second, the subjects gazed at a virtual image through a double-mirror system at a distance of 2.285 m. The dynamic accommodative responses and pupil size data were collected under these two viewing distance conditions. Results: When the subjects gazed at a real object that was 0.4 m away, or a virtual image that was 2.285 m away, the mean value of the accommodative response was 1.69 ± 0.31 D or 0.11 ± 0.05 D, and the pupil size was 3.79 ± 0.49 mm or 4.09 ± 0.72 mm, respectively. The accommodative response decreased, and the pupil size increased when using the double-mirror system, and therefore, accommodative relaxation can be achieved by using this new optical design. Conclusions: In the present study, we first successfully proposed a simple optical design to relax the accommodation, and the fluctuations of the accommodation response were stable, with an extended viewing distance of 2.285 m. This design may be applied for the improvement of visual function in applications such as the reduction of asthenopia and the control of myopia.

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Diurnal variations of amplitude of accommodation in different age groups

Cited by 10 publications

References 27 publications

Diurnal Variations of Exophoria in Subjects With Normal Vision

Diurnal Variations of Exophoria in Subjects With Normal Vision

Accommodative relaxation by extending the viewing distance through the simple optical design of a double-mirror system

Accommodative Relaxation by Extending the Viewing Distance through the Simple Optical Design of a Double-Mirror System

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