Divergent Cryptosporidium species and host-adapted Cryptosporidium canis subtypes in farmed minks, raccoon dogs and foxes in Shandong, China

Wang, Weijian; Wei, Yanting; Cao, Shanshan; Wu, Wenjie; Zhao, Wentao; Guo, Yaqiong; Xiao, Lihua; Feng, Yaoyu; Li, Na

doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.980917

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Genomic differences were observed among C. canis isolates of different host origins. Results of previous genetic characterizations of C. canis isolates at the SSU rRNA, actin and gp60 loci indicated that the fox-derived isolates are genetically different from other isolates [6, 9, 11]. In the present study, results of comparative genomics analysis of C. canis isolates indicate that while a dog-derived isolate shares ~99.9 % (~4000 SNVs) of nucleotide sequence identity with a mink-derived isolate, both isolates share only 94.0 % (~360 000 SNVs) with a fox-derived isolate.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 46%

“…Disordered proteins have been identified to play important biological functions in apicomplexan parasites [80,92,93]. [6,9,11]. In the present study, results of comparative genomics analysis of C. canis isolates indicate that while a dog-derived isolate shares ~99.9 % (~4000 SNVs) of nucleotide sequence identity with a mink-derived isolate, both isolates share only 94.0 % (~360 000 SNVs) with a fox-derived isolate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…However, sequence analysis of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA and actin genes has identified differences among isolates of different host origins, indicating the likely presence of host adaptation within C. canis [9]. This has been supported recently by PCR and sequence analysis of the 60 kDa glycoprotein ( gp60 ) gene in isolates from diverse hosts [10, 11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High subtelomeric GC content in the genome of a zoonotic Cryptosporidium species

Roellig

et al. 2023

Microbial Genomics

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Cryptosporidium canis is a zoonotic species causing cryptosporidiosis in humans in addition to its natural hosts dogs and other fur animals. To understand the genetic basis for host adaptation, we sequenced the genomes of C. canis from dogs, minks, and foxes and conducted a comparative genomics analysis. While the genomes of C. canis have similar gene contents and organisations, they (~41.0 %) and C. felis (39.6 %) have GC content much higher than other Cryptosporidium spp. (24.3–32.9 %) sequenced to date. The high GC content is mostly restricted to subtelomeric regions of the eight chromosomes. Most of these GC-balanced genes encode Cryptosporidium-specific proteins that have intrinsically disordered regions and are involved in host-parasite interactions. Natural selection appears to play a more important role in the evolution of codon usage in GC-balanced C. canis, and most of the GC-balanced genes have undergone positive selection. While the identity in whole genome sequences between the mink- and dog-derived isolates is 99.9 % (9365 SNVs), it is only 96.0 % (362 894 SNVs) between them and the fox-derived isolate. In agreement with this, the fox-derived isolate possesses more subtelomeric genes encoding invasion-related protein families. Therefore, the change in subtelomeric GC content appears to be responsible for the more GC-balanced C. canis genomes, and the fox-derived isolate could represent a new Cryptosporidium species.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 46%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High subtelomeric GC content in the genome of a zoonotic Cryptosporidium species

Roellig

et al. 2023

Microbial Genomics

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“…Using a specific gp60 genotyping tool (Jiang et al., 2021), we managed to amplify one of the four C. canis isolates and identify it as XXi1, the first member of novel subtype family XXi. To date, nine (XXa to XXh) subtype families of C. canis have been recognised in a variety of animal hosts including dogs, foxes, minks and racoon dogs, in addition to humans (Elmahallawy et al., 2023; Jiang et al., 2021; Murnik et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2022). The fifth canine isolate was identified as the bovine genotype of C. parvum (unknown subtype family), a zoonotic genetic variant whose primary host species are cattle and humans (Guo et al., 2022).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and public health relevance of enteric parasites in domestic dogs and cats in the region of Madrid (Spain) with an emphasis on Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium sp.

Mateo,

Montoya,

Bailo

et al. 2023

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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BackgroundPet dogs and cats exert an unquestionable beneficial effect in the well‐being of their owners, but can also act as a source of zoonotic infections if improperly cared.ObjectivesWe investigated the occurrence, risk factors, genetic variability and zoonotic potential of intestinal parasites in dogs and cats attended in a clinical veterinary setting in Spain.MethodsCanine (n = 252) and feline (n = 35) faecal samples were collected during 2017–2019 and analysed by coproparasitological methods. A rapid lateral immunochromatographic test (ICT) was used for detecting Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium sp. Samples positive at microscopy examination and/or ICT were reassessed by molecular methods.ResultsOverall, 48.8% (123/252) of dogs and 48.6% (17/35) of cats were infected by enteric parasites. In dogs, G. duodenalis was the most prevalent species (40.9%), followed by Cystoisospora sp. (7.1%), and Toxocara canis (5.2%). In cats, Joyeuxiella sp. and Toxocara cati were the dominant species (20.0% each), followed by G. duodenalis (14.3%), D. caninum (5.7%) and Cystoisospora felis and Toxascaris leonina (2.9% each). Pups and kittens were more likely to harbour intestinal parasites and develop clinical signs. Sequence analyses of dog isolates revealed the presence of assemblages A (n = 1), C (n = 4), D (n = 4) and C+D (n = 1) within G. duodenalis; C. parvum (n = 1) and C. canis (n = 4) within Cryptosporidium and PtEb IX (n = 1) in Enterocytozoon bieneusi. A novel C. canis subtype family, named XXi, is reported.ConclusionsOur results highlight that (i) well‐cared dogs carry zoonotic enteric protozoan parasites of public health relevance, (ii) proper hygiene practices and routine veterinary treatment are essential to prevent zoonotic infections, (iii) vulnerable populations should avoid contact with pups/kittens with diarrhoea and (iv) infected dogs might be major contributors to the environmental contamination with soil‐transmitted helminths (STHs) eggs.

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“…Recent molecular research has identified Cryptosporidium spp. in farmed fur animals (foxes and raccoon dogs) in China [ 16 , 17 , 18 ]. During molecular studies, the zoonotic Cryptosporidium spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in Wild-Living Carnivores in Poland—A Question Concerning Its Host Specificity

et al. 2023

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Cryptosporidium is an apicomplexan protozoan parasite that primarily infects the gastrointestinal epithelium in humans and domestic and wild animals. The majority of studies have been focused on human, livestock, and pet infections. Hence, Cryptosporidium spp. in wildlife, including wild carnivores, remained neglected. There are several studies reporting the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in wild foxes, but these are only a few molecular surveys; no data is available concerning the occurrence of this parasite in raccoon dogs and martens in Europe, and to the best of our knowledge to date, only one study has reported Cryptosporidium from badgers in Spain. Therefore, we used molecular analyses to identify and genotype Cryptosporidium spp. in wild-living mesocarnivores in Poland. A total of 322 individual fecal samples from six carnivore species, i.e., raccoon, raccoon dog, red fox, European badger, pine, and beech martens were collected and then analyzed for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. using the nested PCR method. The appearance of PCR products in the reaction with Cryptosporidium-specific primers against the 18S rRNA and actin genes demonstrated that Cryptosporidium spp. occurred in 23.0% of all examined species of animals. Performed sequence analyses showed the presence of the Cryptosporidium skunk genotype, Cryptosporidium vole genotype II, Cryptosporidium canis dog and fox genotypes, as well as Cryptosporidium erinacei, Cryptosporidium ditrichi, Cryptosporidium suis, and Cryptosporidium alticolis, in these hosts. Molecular data presented here indicate that examined mesocarnivores may be a significant reservoir of specific and non-specific Cryptosporidium species, including those with zoonotic potential. Most studies of carnivores have described the presence of non-specific Cryptosporidium spp. in carnivore hosts, and this is probably the result of the transfer of these parasites from prey species through the digestive tract or the transfer of the parasite from a contaminated environment.

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Divergent Cryptosporidium species and host-adapted Cryptosporidium canis subtypes in farmed minks, raccoon dogs and foxes in Shandong, China

Cited by 10 publications

References 28 publications

High subtelomeric GC content in the genome of a zoonotic Cryptosporidium species

High subtelomeric GC content in the genome of a zoonotic Cryptosporidium species

Prevalence and public health relevance of enteric parasites in domestic dogs and cats in the region of Madrid (Spain) with an emphasis on Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium sp.

The Occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in Wild-Living Carnivores in Poland—A Question Concerning Its Host Specificity

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