Divergent secular trends in blood pressure and body mass index in children and adolescents in Hong Kong

Kwok, Man Ki; Leung, Gabriel M.; Chung, Thomas; Lee, Karen K. Y.; Schooling, CM

doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05133-2

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…These results are notable because the 19-year-old examinees were rarely affected by the use of BP medications and other comorbidities. Similarly, from 1996 to 2014, adolescents aged 9–18 years in Hong Kong showed an intensified BMI-SBP association over time, despite the discrepancy between BMI and SBP 14 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Trends in the association between body mass index and blood pressure among 19-year-old men in Korea from 2003 to 2017

Koh

Heo

Kim

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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The strength of association between the body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP) varies with population and time. Therefore, identifying the trends in BMI-BP association in adolescents can help predict the upcoming metabolic and cardiovascular disease burden. For this reason, from physical examination data collected from 2003 to 2017, a total of 5,133,246 Korean men aged 19 years were assessed for the annual trends and changes in the BMI-BP association. During the 15-year period, the mean BMI increased from 22.5 to 23.5 kg/m2, and the prevalence of obesity increased from 16.7 to 21.4%. Meanwhile, the mean systolic BP (SBP) decreased from 122.8 to 122.3 mmHg in the first year and gradually increased to 125.9 mmHg afterward. The diastolic BP (DBP) decreased from 71.5 to 70.0 mmHg in the first 4 years and then rose to 74.8 mmHg in the following years. The association analysis between BMI and SBP resulted in an annual increase in the correlation coefficient (SBP: 0.257–0.495, DBP: 0.164–0.413). The regression coefficient similarly increased between 2003 and 2015 but slightly decreased between 2015 and 2017 (SBP: 0.896–1.569, DBP: 0.405–0.861). The BMI-BP association increased over time (coefficient of the interaction term > 0, P < 0.001). Moreover, as the BMI increased, the annual increase in BP and BP per unit BMI also increased. In conclusion, this study emphasized a continuous shift towards obesity in BMI distribution and intensifying BMI-BP association over time in young men. Further research on factors affecting this BMI-BP association is needed to fully validate the potential applications of this hypothesis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Interestingly, the strength of the BMI-BP association decreased over time in some studies 11 – 13 , whereas it increased in other studies 14 . Its association was still under debatable among previous studies because heterogeneous factors such as age, sex, and race could contribute to conflicting results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Trends in the association between body mass index and blood pressure among 19-year-old men in Korea from 2003 to 2017

Koh

Heo

Kim

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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“…Using the international body mass index cut-offs for children and youth, 36 the prevalence of obesity (including overweight) is relatively consistent across studies in Hong Kong 8 , 12 , 30 , 37 , 38 . For example, 22.4% of boys and 14.0% of girls were overweight or obese in 2014 37 . A cohort study indicated that the prevalence of overweight and obesity was stable across three annual assessment waves for primary school children 12 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Results from the Hong Kong's 2018 report card on physical activity for children and youth

Huang

Wong

Sit

et al. 2019

Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness

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Background/objectiveThe Active Healthy Kids 2018 Hong Kong Report Card provides evidence-based assessment across 12 indicators of physical activity behaviors, sleep, and related community and government initiatives for children and youth.MethodsThe systematic development process provided by the Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance was used. The best available data from the past 10 years were reviewed by a panel of experts. According to predefined benchmarks, letter grades were assigned to 12 indicators (Overall Physical Activity, Organized Sport Participation, Active Play, Active Transportation, Sedentary Behaviors, Physical Fitness, Sleep, Family, School, Community and Environment, Government, and Obesity).ResultsThree of the five activity behaviors received C- or C grades: Overall Physical Activity (C-), Sedentary Behaviors (C-), and Organized Sport Participation (C). Active Transportation was graded B + . Same to the 2016 Hong Kong Report Card, Active Play could not be graded. School and Government were graded C. Family and Community and Environment was graded D- and B, respectively. Three new indicators were added after the 2016 Report Card and they were graded from C- (Sleep) to D (Physical Fitness) or D- (Obesity).ConclusionsChildren and youth in Hong Kong have low physical activity and physical fitness levels and high sedentary behaviors despite a generally favorable community environment. A high prevalence of obesity and low levels of family support warrant more public health action. Researchers should address the surveillance gap in active play and peer support.

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“…Each child carried a unique identification number to be tracked and had their identity kept anonymous. The participation rate of SHS was around 83.4% [19]. Details of the survey have been reported elsewhere [20].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing socioeconomic disparities in sedentary behaviors in Chinese children

et al. 2019

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Background Sedentary behaviors are prevalent in Chinese children, however, the studies on their trends and socioeconomic disparities are scarce. We examined the time trends of daily television (TV) viewing and video game playing and the associated socioeconomic factors in Chinese children in Hong Kong, the most developed and westernized city in China. Methods In a panel data study involving 538,300 primary four and 510,294 primary six students from 1999/2000 to 2008/09, data on socioeconomic status, sedentary behaviors (TV viewing and video game playing) and other lifestyle habits were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Trends in sedentary behaviors over time were assessed. Their socioeconomic disparities were examined by interactions in generalized estimating equations with the adjustment for weight status and extracurricular physical activities. Results The age and sex-standardized prevalence of ≥2 h daily TV viewing decreased from 51.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 51.1–51.8%) in 1999/2000 to 43.8% (95% CI 43.4–44.2%) in 2008/09 (P for trend < 0.001), whereas that of ≥1 h daily video game playing increased from 8.2% (95% CI 7.9–8.4%) to 22.4% (95% CI 22.0–22.7%). Both sedentary behaviors were more prevalent in boys than girls, but the disparities decreased over time (Ratio of odds ratio [ROR] = 0.996 and 0.924 for TV viewing and video game playing, respectively). In contrast, both sedentary behaviors were increasingly more prevalent in children whose parents had lower education levels or non-managerial/professional occupations (ROR 1.006–1.082). Conclusions Children in lower socioeconomic families in Hong Kong were increasingly at risk of having sedentary behaviors over years and thus deserve more attention. Effective strategies targeting children and/or their parents of lower socioeconomic status are needed to reduce sedentary behaviors.

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Divergent secular trends in blood pressure and body mass index in children and adolescents in Hong Kong

Cited by 10 publications

References 45 publications

Trends in the association between body mass index and blood pressure among 19-year-old men in Korea from 2003 to 2017

Trends in the association between body mass index and blood pressure among 19-year-old men in Korea from 2003 to 2017

Results from the Hong Kong's 2018 report card on physical activity for children and youth

Increasing socioeconomic disparities in sedentary behaviors in Chinese children

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