Diversity and ecology of sand flies (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae): foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Amazon Region, Brazil

Abstract

The aim of this study was to describe the phlebotomine sand fly fauna and its respective ecological indexes in risk zones of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). The study was carried out in the Municipality of Santarém, Pará State, Brazil. From the total of 102 records of CL patients in 2010 and 2011, infected with different Leishmania species, 31 were selected. Kernel density analysis was performed. CDC light traps were placed (6 p.m.-6 a.m., three nights, height of 1.5 m) in the identified risk zones (indoors, chicken sheds and surrounding forest) in two occasions: rainy and dry seasons of 2012. Shannon traps were installed in the forest during 3 h (7 p.m.-9 p.m., one night). Shannon (H'), Pielou (J') and Dominance (D) indexes were calculated and two spatial clusters (SC) of CL, SC1 (urban-rural) and SC2 (rural farm), were identified. Phlebotomines were sampled in SC1 (243) and SC2 (174). In the whole sample (417) there were 24 species of 10 genera, but only 12 species were found in both risk zones. Ecological indexes varied widely (H' = 0.5-1.72; J = 0.44-0.78; D = 0.46-0.91). The highest D values in the forest (≥ 0.75) were associated to Psychodopygus complexus during both seasons in SC1 and Psychodopygus davisi during the rainy season in SC2. Other CL vectors were identified in smaller frequence. A great diversity of phlebotomine species was described in each risk zone. The CL vectors sampled were well-matched with the Leishmania species infecting the patients. The epidemiological importance of dominant species may vary with climatic seasons and risk zones in Santarém.

Natural infection by Leishmania infantum in the Lutzomyia longipalpis population of an endemic coastal area to visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil is not associated with bioclimatic factors

“…In localities with such small temperature variation, changes in the rainfall and humidity should have a larger influence on the fluctuation of Lu . longipalpis population, as demonstrated by other authors’ findings [72, 73, 74, 80]. However, our findings did not found humidity influence, possibly because humidity also has a small range of variation in Camaçari as well as coastal area, humidity remains high during the whole year.…”

“…Several authors found a correlation with climatic factors, observing a higher prevalence of Lu . longipalpis during the rainy season [70, 71, 72, 73, 74], and other ones demonstrated a preference of this species to dry and rocky areas [75, 76, 77]. The lack of correlation among climatic factors and sand fly density in the beachfront area, where more than 96% of sand flies were captured, and the limited correlation found in central area indicated that other factors could be more important in modulating the sand fly population than climatic factors in the area studied.…”

Ecological aspects and molecular detection of Leishmania DNA (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from a rural settlement in the Eastern Amazon, Brazil

“…anduzei and Ny. antunesi, were found in the intradomicile and peridomicile areas, which shows an alert because finding females of these species close to the dwellings indicates the search for sources for blood meal making the risk of cases of ATL increase drastically (Tanure et al, 2015;Gonçalves et al, 2016). Bi.…”

“…(V.) braziliensis in Acre (Ávila et al, 2018), Rondônia (Grimaldi et al, 1991) and Pará (Souza et al 2010), Le. (L.) amazonensis in Amazonas and Rondônia (Resadore et al, 2019), besides being also considered one of the potential vectors of Leishmania (V.) naiffi in the Amazon region (Castellón et al, 1994;Gontijo and Carvalho, 2003;Gonçalves et al, 2016). This species has already been found as the most abundant in studies carried out in the Eastern Amazon (18.2%) (Pereira Júnior et al, 2019), in our study, it was the fifth most collected species (6.0%), and was found infected with DNA from Leishmania spp.…”

Padrões Espaciais Da Ocorrência De Leishmaniose Visceral Humana Na Cidade De Natal-Rn: A Influência Das Áreas De Risco Social

“…O cenário epidemiológico da LVH encontrado nesse estudo está em consonância com outros trabalhos brasileiros que buscaram detectar e compreender o padrão de distribuição desse agravo, a exemplo da pesquisa realizada por Gonçalves et al (2016) que utilizaram a análise de Kernel e geoprocessamento de dados para avaliar a distribuição da LV no município de Santarém-PA, sendo possível evidenciar que as mudanças ambientais, as migrações e a adaptação dos flebotomíneos aos centros urbanos, mudaram o padrão de adoecimento da população. O mesmo também pôde ser visto em estudo realizado por Mendes et al (2016) em Belo Horizonte-MG.…”