Diversity in the Family of Manganese Oxides at the Nanoscale: From Fundamentals to Applications

Abstract

The interesting chemistry of manganese is due to its various oxidation states. The possibility of several oxidation states has offered the element a special position among the transition metal elements in the periodic table. Amidst the possible oxidation states of manganese (in the range of −3 to +7), the +2, +3, and +4 oxidation states are the most prevalent in nature. Manganese possesses the ability to form multiple bonds with oxygen through spontaneous oxidation to a variety of stoichiometric oxides/hydroxides/oxyhydroxides that are collectively coined as “manganese oxides”. However, using the recent advances in the synthetic strategies and characterization techniques over the past couple of decades, the investigation of the physicochemical properties of manganese oxides has been extended up to the nanoscale dimensions beyond the molecular. Moreover, the family of the manganese oxides also includes a series of porous architectures that are, often, stabilized at the nanoscale dimensions. Exquisite synthetic control over the size, shape, organization, and mass production of a variety of oxides at the nanoscale dimensions renders outstanding structural, optical, catalytic, magnetic, and transport properties. The tunable properties along with the chemical and biological accessibility open up new opportunities in a diverse range of niche applications critical to global society. Therefore, beyond the multivariance, polymorphism, thermodynamics, phase transition, crystallinity, magnetism, semiconducting behavior, and biogenecity may serve as the key factors to describe the compelling applications in health and other fields and to further understand the manganese oxides at the nanoscale.

Vanadium and Manganese Carbonyls as Precursors in Electron-Induced and Thermal Deposition Processes

“…The low-temperature sharp transition occurs with an abrupt onset at ~15 K. To the best of our knowledge, there is no specific oxidic or metallic Mn-based phase described in the literature with a transition temperature close to this value. Moreover, the nonequilibrium nature of crystallization of the oxides at ambient temperatures leads to different metastable oxide phases, and as a result, multivalence mixtures of manganese oxides are often obtained [ 40 ]. This general complexity accompanied with a well-known size effect for transition temperatures [ 41 ] allows only a qualitative assessment of the observed effect.…”

Calcination Temperature Reflected Structural, Optical and Magnetic Properties of Nickel Oxide

“…Theory and experimental advances in ferromagnetic semiconductors offer anticipation for a new generation of microelectronic devices. In recent days, nanoscale ferromagnetic semiconductor oxides are gaining significant attention for various potential applications, such as spin-polarized carrier sources, a catalyst for oxygen evolution, and easy integration into semiconductor technology [1][2][3]. The study of small particles has become of increasing interest due to the new properties in those materials shown when the crystal size is reduced.…”

The chemodynamic antibacterial effect of MnOX nanosheet decorated silicon nanowire arrays

“…Manganese is a transition metal element abundant in nature. Manganese oxides (oxides, hydroxides and oxyhydroxides) produced by spontaneous oxidation have the advantages of low cost, simple preparation, and low biological toxicity 32 . Because of its multiple valence states and multiple structural morphologies 33 , and the rapid transfer of electrons and oxygen 34 , manganese oxide is considered to be a potential catalyst.…”