Diversity of A(H5N1) clade 2.3.2.1c avian influenza viruses with evidence of reassortment in Cambodia, 2014-2016

Suttie, Annika; Tok, Songha; Yann, Sokhoun; Keo, Ponnarath; Horm, Srey Viseth; Roe, Merryn; Kaye, Matthew; Sorn, San; Holl, Davun; Tum, Sothyra; Buchy, Philippe; Barr, Ian G.; Hurt, Aeron C.; Greenhill, Andrew R.; Karlsson, Erik A.; Vijaykrishna, Dhanasekaran; Deng, Yi‐Mo; Dussart, Philippe; Horwood, Paul F.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0226108

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…Sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of several A/H5N1 isolates using Sanger methodology revealed the influenza A/H5N1 viruses to be typical of other clade 2.3.2.1c viruses circulating in LBMs during 2015–2016 (Suttie et al, 2019 ). Comparison of HA and NA sequences from air and poultry samples shows direct correlation, indicating that poultry within the LBM were the source of the viruses in the air (Figure 2 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerosol exposure of live bird market workers to viable influenza A/H5N1 and A/H9N2 viruses, Cambodia

Horwood

Horm

Yann

et al. 2022

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Live bird markets (LBMs) have been identified as key factors in the spread, persistence and evolution of avian influenza viruses (AIVs). In addition, these settings have been associated with human infections with AIVs of pandemic concern. Exposure to aerosolised AIVs by workers in a Cambodian LBM was assessed using aerosol impact samplers. LBM vendors were asked to wear an air sampler for 30 min per day for 1 week while continuing their usual activities in the LBM during a period of high AIV circulation (February) and a period of low circulation (May). During the period of high circulation, AIV RNA was detected from 100% of the air samplers using molecular methods and viable AIV (A/H5N1 and/or A/H9N2) was isolated from 50% of air samplers following inoculation into embryonated chicken eggs. In contrast, AIV was not detected by molecular methods or successfully isolated during the period of low circulation. This study demonstrates the increased risk of aerosol exposure of LBM workers to AIVs during periods of high circulation and highlights the need for interventions during these high-risk periods. Novel approaches, such as environmental sampling, should be further explored at key high-risk interfaces as a potentially costeffective alternative for monitoring pandemic threats.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerosol exposure of live bird market workers to viable influenza A/H5N1 and A/H9N2 viruses, Cambodia

Horwood

Horm

Yann

et al. 2022

Zoonoses and Public Health

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“…In this study, we reported the reassortant H5N1 virus infection in a Thai patient. Nevertheless, the reassortant H5N1 virus infection in humans had been previously reported in Vietnam [34,35] and Cambodia [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Full Genomic Sequences of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Human Autopsy Specimens Reveal Genetic Variability and Adaptive Changes for Growth in MDCK Cell Cultures

Sangsiriwut

Noisumdaeng

Uiprasertkul

et al. 2021

BioMed Research International

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The entire H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viral genomes were identified in the frozen autopsy specimens: the trachea, lung, colon, and intestinal feces from a patient who died of the disease in 2006. Phylogenetic analysis of the viral genomes showed that these viruses belonged to clade 1 and were the reassortants generated from the reassortment of the viruses within the same clade. The sequencing data from the autopsy specimens revealed at least 8 quasispecies of the H5N1 viruses across all 4 specimen types. These sequences were compared to those derived from the virus isolates grown in Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. The virus isolates from the trachea, lung, and fecal specimens showed 27 nucleotide substitutions, leading to the changes of 18 amino acid residues. However, there was no change in the amino acid residues that determined the viral virulence. The changes were more commonly observed in the lung, particularly in the HA and NA genes. Our study suggested that the adaptation changes for the viral fitness to survive in a new host species (MDCK cells) might involve many genes, for example, the amino acid substitution 177G or 177W adjacent to the receptor-binding residues in the HA1 globular head and the substitution M315I in PB2. However, a mutation changes near the receptor binding domain may play an important role in determining the cell tropism and is needed to be further explored.

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“…The full genomes of the clade 1 viruses (W0526301 and X0817302) included in this study have been previously published [10]. The genome of the clade 2.3.2.1c virus has also been previously published [15]. The accession numbers and other relevant information for all three viruses are included in Supplementary Table 1.…”

Section: Viral Strainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission experiments support clade-level differences in the transmission and pathogenicity of Cambodian influenza A/H5N1 viruses

Horwood

Fabrizio

Horm

et al. 2020

Emerging Microbes & Infections

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Influenza A/H5N1 has circulated in Asia since 2003 and is now enzootic in many countries in that region. In Cambodia, the virus has circulated since 2004 and has intermittently infected humans. During this period, we have noted differences in the rate of infections in humans, potentially associated with the circulation of different viral clades. In particular, a reassortant clade 1.1.2 virus emerged in early 2013 and was associated with a dramatic increase in infections of humans (34 cases) until it was replaced by a clade 2.3.2.1c virus in early 2014. In contrast, only one infection of a human has been reported in the 6 years since the clade 2.3.2.1c virus became the dominant circulating virus. We selected three viruses to represent the main viral clades that have circulated in Cambodia (clade 1.1.2, clade 1.1.2 reassortant, and clade 2.3.2.1c), and we conducted experiments to assess the virulence and transmissibility of these viruses in avian (chicken, duck) and mammalian (ferret) models. Our results suggest that the clade 2.3.2.1c virus is more "avian-like," with high virulence in both ducks and chickens, but there is no evidence of aerosol transmission of the virus from ducks to ferrets. In contrast, the two clade 1 viruses were less virulent in experimentally infected and contact ducks. However, evidence of chicken-to-ferret aerosol transmission was observed for both clade 1 viruses. The transmission experiments provide insights into clade-level differences that might explain the variation in A/H5N1 infections of humans observed in Cambodia and other settings.

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Diversity of A(H5N1) clade 2.3.2.1c avian influenza viruses with evidence of reassortment in Cambodia, 2014-2016

Cited by 13 publications

References 99 publications

Aerosol exposure of live bird market workers to viable influenza A/H5N1 and A/H9N2 viruses, Cambodia

Aerosol exposure of live bird market workers to viable influenza A/H5N1 and A/H9N2 viruses, Cambodia

Full Genomic Sequences of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Human Autopsy Specimens Reveal Genetic Variability and Adaptive Changes for Growth in MDCK Cell Cultures

Transmission experiments support clade-level differences in the transmission and pathogenicity of Cambodian influenza A/H5N1 viruses

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