DNA barcode of Enggano hill myna, Gracula religiosa enganensis (Aves: Sturnidae) based on mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I

Abstract

Abstract. Jarulis, Muslim C, Kamilah SN, Utama AF, Permana D, Sari MM, Prayitno AH, Jannah IM. 2021. DNA barcode of Enggano hill myna, Gracula religiosa enganensis (Aves: Sturnidae) based on mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I. Biodiversitas 22: 1635-1643. The sharp decline of the Enggano hill myna population due to illegal trading and habitat degradation needs to be our concern to prevent this bird from extinction. Taxonomically, Enggano hill myna is referred to as a sub-species, but this has not been confirmed by genetic data. We have sequenced seventeen Enggano hill myna mitochondrial DNA COI genes to describe their genetic identity (barcode), genetic distances, and phylogeny. DNA genome from seventeen blood samples was isolated with DNeasy® Blood and Tissue Kit Qiagen, while PCR amplification was performed using a pair primers, namely COIGRF (5'-TTCTGATTCTTTGGCCATCC-3') and COIGRR (5'-GTTGGAAGGCTTTGCGTTTA-3'). We used Clustal W alignment in MEGA 10.2.2 software to search single nucleotide polymorphisms. Genetic distance was analyzed by using the Kimura 2-parameter, and the phylogenetic tree was reconstructed with Neighbor-Joining models. We found 98.60% conservative sites, 0.69% parsimony sites, and 0.83% singleton sites from the 716 bp sequence. The highest nucleotide composition was cytosine (32.20%), and the lowest was guanine (16.80%), followed by 49% GC content. Seven SNP sites were found in 716 bp COI gene sequences of seventeen individuals. The genetic distance between Enggano hill myna individuals was ranged from 0.0-0.8%, and all Enggano hill myna individuals separated from Chinese and Indian populations in the phylogenetic tree with a genetic distance of 0.9% and 1.1%. Our data suggest that the Enggano hill myna population is still classified as a sub-species. The COI gene sequences that we found can be used to quickly identify this species and are also important to prevent illegal trading in Indonesia.

Genetic Characteristics of Chloropsis cochinchinensis Gmelin, 1789 Based on The Mitochondrial DNA COI Gene

“…The genetic distances that we discovered are nearly identical to those identified in prior DNA barcoding investigations (Astuti & Sulandari, 2010;Huang & Tu, 2016). According to Jarulis et al (2021), the average genetic distance between individuals in the Enggano hill myna population was 0.3%, while the average genetic distance between hornbill populations was 0.2-0.8% (Jarulis et al, 2018). Many biosystematists have utilized the genetic distance between populations to identify the taxonomic position of an animal taxon.…”

“…According to Hebert et al (2003b), Vilaca et al (2006, and Efe et al (2009), the dissimilarity threshold between animal species is typically greater than 3.0%. Similarity values for Gracula religiosa enganensis ranged between 98.83% and 99.83% (Jarulis et al, 2021). Johnsen et al (2010) revealed that the similarity value of Scandinavian birds exceeded 97.0%.…”

“…The length of the DNA sequence of the COI C. cochinchinensis gene obtained in this study was shorter than those obtained by other researchers on various bird species, but remained the same as the length of the sequence commonly used to determine the barcode of an animal species. Jarulis et al (2018) determined the length of the COI gene sequence to be 746 bp in seven species of Indonesian hornbill and 716 bp in Gracula religiosa enganensis (Jarulis et al, 2021). Zein (2018) uncovered 625 bp members of the family Accipitridae, and 650 bp in Talaud parrots (Bangkulu et al, 2020).…”

“…In Hirundo rustica, the composition of AT is 47% and GC is 53% (Dor et al, 2010). Jarulis et al (2018) determined the average nucleotide pair composition seven Indonesian hornbill species to be 52.8% AT and 47.2% GC, and in Gracula religiosa enganensis, the composition of AT was 51% and GC was 49% (Jarulis et al, 2021). In addition, Zein (2018) showed that the base pair composition of AT in eagles was 48.9% and that of GC was 51.1%.…”

“…In the COI gene sequence (737 bp) of seven species of Indonesian hornbill, Jarulis et al (2018) discovered a fairly even distribution of SNP sites between sites 84 and 737. The SNP sites in the COI gene sequence (716 bp) of the Enggano hill myna Gracula religiosa enganensis were between sites 31 and 590 (Jarulis et al, 2021). According to Hebert et al (2004), variations in the mtDNA COI gene sequence can be used to differentiate closely related species.…”